The CellSentials Booster contains:

  • 50 mg Pterocarpus marsupium extract (containing pterostilbene)
  • 10 mg Olivol
  • 75 mg alpha lipoic acid
  • 60 mg Quercetin

Vitamin A has essential actions in areas of health that include vision, cellular differentiation, organ development during embryonic and fetal growth, and membrane structure and function. Several other complex physiological processes, including growth, reproduction, and immune system functions, also depend on vitamin A.

Recent research has indicated that some individuals have a limited ability to convert beta-carotene to vitamin A. Excess body weight reduces the efficiency of conversion, and there are genetic polymorphisms that decrease the ability to convert beta-carotene to vitamin A. Individuals may have different abilities to convert provitamin A carotenoids to vitamin A. These differences in conversion efficiency may be due to the genetic variability in β-carotene metabolism of individual human subjects. Therefore, provitamin A carotenoids might not be a good vitamin A source for those subjects of the poor converter phenotype.

USANA CellSentials use a combination of beta-carotene, retinyl acetate, and mixed carotenoids to provide vitamin A activity. A total daily dose results in 8600 IU from beta-carotene, 3000 IU from retinyl acetate, and 400 IU from mixed carotenoids. The combination of multiple sources of vitamin A better ensures that the CellSentials provide an advanced dose of vitamin A to everyone, regardless of genetic differences.

Retinyl Acetate is an ester form of retinol, a preformed source of vitamin A.

Retinol (vitamin A) is an essential nutrient associated with three important functions, the best-defined of which involves human vision. Retinol is a functional constituent of rhodopsin, a protein located in the retina of the eye that absorbs light and triggers a series of biochemical reactions that ultimately initiate nerve impulses, resulting in sight.

Secondly, vitamin A is involved in the activation of gene expression and the control of cell differentiation. It is through this function that vitamin A affects immune function, taste, hearing, appetite, skin renewal, bone development, and growth.

Vitamin A’s third role involves control of embryonic development. Here it is thought that retinoic acid modulates the expression of certain genes that govern patterns of sequential development of various tissues and organs in the body.

cell signaling

cell signaling

Every minute of the day your body completes complex tasks. Whether it’s maintaining body temperature or keeping your hand away from a hot stove, your trillions of cells do all the talking needed to help you function. This effective, efficient form of communication is a process called cell signaling.

The network needed to send and receive these messages is complex. It consists of an army of messenger molecules to spread the signal across and between cells (signaling molecules). They’re seeking targets that receive the initial signal (receptors). And finally, the interaction of messengers and receptors creates a final cellular consequence (the cell responding to the initial signal).

Cell signaling molecules come in multiple forms. Sometimes the signaling happens within the cell itself. In other cases, cells send messages to neighbors or other cells a great distance away. These signals can be:

  • Chemical compounds (example: nutrients and toxins)
  • Electrical impulses (example: neurotransmitters inducing electrical signals along nerves)
  • Mechanical stimuli (example: stretching of the stomach to signal you are full)

Chemical Signaling

There are four general methods of chemical signaling. They’re broken down by the distance each signal travels between sending and receiving cells.

  1. Autocrine Signaling: When cells send signals to themselves, this how they do it. In autocrine signaling, the cell releases a chemical signal that binds to a receptor on its own surface. This method may seem strange, but autocrine signaling is important. It helps cells maintain integrity and divide correctly. This is crucial during development and helps cells reinforce their identity.
  2. Paracrine Signaling: This takes place across short distances between two cells. This method of communication allows cells to coordinate movement and activity with their neighbors. An example of this is called synaptic signaling. That’s when signaling occurs across the tiny gap between two neurons. This gap is also known as a synapse. You can also call these neurotransmitters. They send messages from neuron to neuron to help our brain and central nervous system work together.
  3. Endocrine Signaling: To send messages across long distances, cells use this method. Endocrine signals travel through the bloodstream to reach target tissues and cells. Signals that originate in one part of the body and travel to their target through the bloodstream are called hormones. Growth hormone (GH) is a great example. The pituitary gland releases this hormone, which stimulates growth in cells, cartilage, and bones. In this example of endocrine signaling, GH leaves the pituitary gland and travels through the blood stream to the cells throughout the body. The hormone then instructs your bone and cartilage cells to divide, helping you grow taller and stronger.
  4. Direct-Contact Signaling: Gap junctions—tiny channels that connect neighboring cells—are found in plants and animals. These gap junctions are full of water and allow small signaling molecules to travel across the channel. This is cell signaling through direct contact. It allows for entire groups of cells to respond to a signal that only one cell received.

Electrical and Mechanical Signaling

Chemical signaling isn’t your body’s only form of communication. Many cells also respond to electrical or mechanical signals. Two well-known examples of this would be regulating your heart beat (electrical) or signaling muscle growth following exercise (mechanical).

Your heart is composed of four chambers. Two supply blood to the lungs while the other two send blood to the rest of the body. Dividing the work means your heart does not beat all at once. It’s not like flexing a bicep. The heart beats more like a wave moving across the ocean. This very defined beating pattern is initiated and synchronized by electrical signals.

Mechanical signals (think physically changing the shape) in muscle cells can lead to their growth and strength gains. When muscle cells are stretched—otherwise deformed or damaged—calcium ions flood into the muscle cell. This flux of calcium ions is the intermediary, changing the mechanical signal into a chemical one. The presence of calcium ions signals a number of cell signaling pathways inside of the muscle, including hormones responsible for muscle growth.

Two of your senses—touch and hearing—are additional examples of mechanical signaling. Your skin’s sensory cells respond to the pressure of touch. And sensory cells in the inner ear and brain react to the movement of sound waves.

Whether it’s chemical, electrical, or mechanical, these processes share a similar goal. The human body has developed a number of mechanisms to sense, respond, and adapt to your environment—inside and out.

How Cells Recognize and Respond to Signals

Large proteins called receptors help cells recognize signals sent to them. Receptors can be located both inside and outside of the cell or anchored into a cellular membrane. Signaling happens when specific molecules bind to their particular receptors. You see, this is a highly specific process—just like how a lock and key work.

There are two classes of receptors: intracellular and cell-surface receptors. Location is important, so you can probably guess how they got their names.

Intracellular receptors are located inside the cell. Signal molecules must travel through pores in the cell’s membrane to reach this type of receptor and elicit a response.

Cell-surface receptors are easier to get to. These receptor proteins are embedded in the cell’s membrane. They bind with signaling molecules on the outside of the cell, but ultimately relay the message internally.

Whether the signal is received inside or outside of the cell doesn’t matter. Once a signal molecule is properly bound to the correct receptor protein, it initiates cellular signaling inside the cell.

These intracellular signaling pathways amplify the message, producing multiple intracellular signals for every bound receptor. The amplified signal then propagates throughout the cell and elicits a response. This doesn’t just happen one at a time. Cells receive and respond to multiple signals at once.

Cell Signaling’s Role in Maintaining Health

The purpose of cell signaling is to respond and adapt to your internal and external environment. Since they help your body adjust, properly functioning cell-signaling pathways are essential to maintaining and promoting health. So when cell-signaling pathways work well, your body runs smoothly.

And the environment—internally and externally—can impact your cells. That’s because your cells are really just “bags” of chemical reactions. They require specific conditions to make the reactions work.

That includes proper temperature, pH, and energy status. Your cells need to sense these conditions. If any of these three factors changes outside of a very small range of tolerance, all of that biochemistry stops. That’s when serious problems can occur.

For example, our normal body temperature is 37°C (98.6°F). A variance of only +/- 3°C (+/- 5°F) can be life threatening. Hypothermia can set in at 35°C (95°F). If our temperature raises to just 40 °C (104 °F) because of dehydration, exposure to extreme heat, or fever, it is an equally life-threatening situation.

Your body’s pH is similarly tightly regulated. Our normal pH is 7.4. If it falls below 6.8 or raises above 7.8, irreversible cell damage ensues.

You need a tremendous amount of energy to run your body. That’s why regulating energy is important. Just like the temperature and pH examples above, your body tightly regulates its energy balance. Through cell signaling pathways (some directly related to glutathione), our cells have the ability to turn energy production up or down as need. If energy balance falls out of its very tightly regulated normal range, cellular function is critically impaired.

Detoxification is another example of signaling helping with cellular maintenance. You’re constantly exposed to toxins, either inadvertently through our diet and environment or directly through the consumption of alcohol or medications. Through an extensive signaling network, your cells can sense when they are exposed to toxins.

Recognizing the presence of a toxin kicks off a process that deals with it. That starts with upregulating the appropriate cell signaling pathways. This will ultimately ramp up your detoxification mechanisms. If your body didn’t have the inherent mechanism literally built into its DNA, every day would be a challenge.

The body’s ability to constantly sense, adapt, and correct changes in pH, temperature, energy status, and toxin exposure is essential for your overall health. And we have cell signaling to thank for that.

Key Nutrients’ Impact on Cell Signaling

Certain things can negatively affect proper cell signaling. These include an unhealthy diet, a lack of exercise, environmental factors, exposure to toxins, and the normal aging process. However, recent research has shown that living a healthy lifestyle along with a number of vitamins, minerals, and phytonutrients can support cell signaling pathways.

Your cells utilize several vitamins and minerals to effectively communicate. Vitamin D, sodium, potassium, magnesium, and number of others play important roles in cell signaling. Your body needs to maintain a healthy balance of these key nutrients in order for keep communicating properly.

Some vitamins and minerals are even directly involved in cell signaling. They can initiate cell signaling or act as the signaling intermediates. They are also often required for receptors to work properly or to help an enzyme function properly after cell signaling has “turned it on.”

Recent research has also shown that certain nutrients from plants (phytonutrients) also have direct, beneficial effects on cell signaling. Only a few examples include:

Eating a diet rich in protein and healthy fats can help your body’s cell-signaling pathways. That’s because omega-3 fatty acids and other healthy fats are needed to maintain the shape of your cells.

The membrane surrounding each of your cells is made primarily of fats called phospholipids. These allow the membrane to remain fluid and not ridged. They also facilitate the free flow of molecules across the cellular membrane, which ultimately helps with cellular communication.

The last thing you can do to maintain healthy cellular communication through nutrition is eating foods that protect against damage. Free radicals and other dangerous forms of oxygen erode healthy cells and damage DNA, signaling molecules, and proteins. And once damaged, they aren’t going to work as well. So taking in antioxidants can defend your cells from such damage.

Keep the Conversation Going

That’s a lot of talk about cell signaling. It’s a complex process where your cells can talk to themselves, their neighbors, or other cells far away. But it breaks down into these parts:

  • Your cells receive signals through various signaling methods (chemical compounds, mechanical stimuli, and electrical impulses).
  • Signaling molecules join the appropriate receptor either on a cell or inside it.
  • This triggers a chain of events that incorporates the signal and amplifies it in the cell.
  • Finally, the result is a cellular consequence of some sort—which obviously depends on the signal sent.

And don’t lose the importance of this process in the details of how it works. All that talking amongst your cells allows them to adapt to their internal and external environment. This ability to sense, respond, and adapt makes cell signaling essential to maintaining your health.

Hopefully you understand a little bit about how cell signaling happens and why it’s important. Now help your cells keep the conversation going. That means protecting and supporting your cells with a healthy lifestyle and a diet rich in vitamins, minerals, phytonutrients, antioxidants, proteins, and healthy fats.

 

Berridge MJ. Unlocking the secrets of cell signaling. Annu Rev Physiol. 2005;67:1-21.

“Cell Signaling.” Nature News, Nature Publishing Group, 2014, www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/cell-signaling-14047077. Accessed 19 Sept. 2017.

Cooper, Geoffrey M. “Signaling Molecules and Their Receptors.” The Cell: A Molecular Approach. 2nd edition., U.S. National Library of Medicine, 1 Jan. 1970, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9924/.

Ermak G, Davies KJ. Calcium and oxidative stress: from cell signaling to cell death. Mol Immunol. 2002;38(10):713-21.

Eveleth, Rose. “There are 37.2 Trillion Cells in Your Body.” Smithsonian.com, Smithsonian Institution, 24 Oct. 2013, www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/there-are-372-trillion-cells-in-your-body-4941473/. Accessed 20 Sept. 2017.

“Introduction to cell signaling (Article).” Khan Academy, https://khanacademy.org/science/biology/cell-signaling/mechanisms-of-cell-signaling/a/introduction-to-cell-signaling. Accessed 24 Sept. 2017.

Martin GS. Cell signaling and cancer. Cancer Cell. 2003;4(3):167-74.

Mattson MP. Hormesis and disease resistance: activation of cellular stress response pathways. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2008;27(2):155-62.

Von essen MR, Kongsbak M, Schjerling P, Olgaard K, Odum N, Geisler C. Vitamin D controls T cell antigen receptor signaling and activation of human T cells. Nat Immunol. 2010;11(4):344-9.

Build Your Bone Health and Beyond with USANA® MagneCal D™

USANA® MagneCal D™

Build a strong foundation for your active life with a carefully balanced bone-building supplement.*

Make no bones about it, calcium, magnesium, and vitamin D are all vital to your everyday health. The good news is that dietary surveys show most people are generally consuming more calcium now than in recent decades. The bad news? Overall calcium consumption is still falling a bit short of optimal dietary amounts. And the majority of people fall significantly far below adequate intakes of magnesium or vitamin D.*

By consuming more calcium than magnesium, you may have an imbalance that, according to researchers, could negatively impact your long-term health. The Center for Magnesium Education and Research recommends something close to a 2:1 ratio of total calcium to magnesium per day—from food and supplements.

Vitamin D is another nutrient that continues to show benefits up to as much as 125 mcg per day. And it has repeatedly been shown that calcium is most beneficial when taken with vitamin D and magnesium.*

Long story, short: you probably need more magnesium and vitamin D than you’re already getting. But not necessarily a lot more calcium.*

Fortunately, supplementing these key nutrients is easy. And, it’s one of the best ways to reach more ideal levels. However, most calcium supplements provide much more calcium than magnesium—making the imbalance worse. USANA® MagneCal D™ is different. It offers a 1:1 ratio of magnesium and calcium.*

This equal ratio means you get more magnesium—but not a lot of extra calcium—to help you get closer to the overall 2:1 ratio. Plus, you get advanced levels of vitamin D. Together, this formula delivers a better balance that matches today’s dietary needs.

MagneCal D can help you maintain many aspects of good health.* Here are just a few:

  • Strong, mineral-rich bones and teeth*
  • Healthy muscle and nerve function*
  • Energy metabolism*
  • Cardiovascular health*

The kosher formula is an excellent complement to the USANA® CellSentials™. Together, they will help give you optimal amounts of nutrients with excellent absorption and maximum effectiveness.*

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It’s Elemental—USANA MagneCal D Builds Your Bone Stores

Calcium and magnesium are important for many different physiological processes that keep you healthy. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in your body. And while there isn’t as much magnesium, it’s certainly no less important. Magnesium is vital for your health. It’s required to activate more than 300 enzyme reactions. Some of these reactions include helping your body make things, like protein, DNA, RNA, and glutathione.*

The majority of calcium and magnesium in your body is stored in your skeleton. In fact, 99 percent of calcium is found in your teeth and bones. About 60 percent of magnesium is stored there. The remaining calcium and magnesium reside in your tissues and bloodstream.*

The levels of calcium and magnesium in your bloodstream are tightly regulated by the body. Calcium and magnesium are pulled from your bones when needed to maintain steady levels. This process is called “resorption,” and it means your body is re-absorbing those minerals. It’s also a key part of the normal bone remodeling process, in which your body breaks down and reforms new bone.*

This remodeling process requires sufficient amounts of magnesium, calcium, and vitamin D to be available from the diet to help reform the bones properly. These nutrients all work together—along with other elements like phosphorus, silicon, and boron—to ensure proper calcium utilization and absorption.

Magnesium is also a cofactor that helps the body use vitamin D. So, if you don’t have enough calcium, magnesium, and vitamin D available from your diet, your blood- and bone-mineral levels may be negatively affected.*

If you don’t eat much dairy, leafy green vegetables, nuts, or fortified foods you may not get enough calcium, magnesium, or vitamin D. Drinking coffee, soda, or alcohol may further deplete your magnesium levels. And if you regularly wear sunscreen or stay out of the sun, you very likely need more vitamin D.*

MagneCal D helps boost your dietary intakes to help build up your bone stores of calcium and magnesium. MagneCal D contains blends of these essential minerals in citrate and carbonate forms. Together, these blends absorb well and may be gentler on your digestive system.

Added vitamin D helps ensure your body can use the calcium most effectively. This is in addition to the essential vitamin’s many benefits for cellular function and whole body health. MagneCal D uses vitamin D3 from cholecalciferol—the same form of vitamin D that’s naturally made in the body. *

MagneCal D also contains silicon and boron. Silicon is found in active growth areas where it’s thought to promote bone growth and hasten mineralization. The mineral also gives stability to connective tissues. Boron may play a role in bone maintenance by reducing calcium excretion and increasing deposition of calcium in the bone.*

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A Strong Body Starts with Your Bones

Your skeletal system is your greatest supporter—your source of inner strength. It literally bears the weight of your world. This interconnected system is made of more than 200 bones plus tendons, ligaments, and cartilage that joins them.*

Bones are the major part of your skeleton. They give your body structure and hold you up and protect your internal organs. Bones are a site of red blood cell production. And, as mentioned above, your bones store minerals needed to support many physiological processes.*

Your bones are made of hard, dense connective tissue on the outside and a spongy inner layer that is lighter and less dense on the inside that is always changing. The entire skeletal structure constantly remodels itself. New bone is always being built to replace old bone that’s being torn down. In 10 years, you’ll have a completely new skeleton.*

You reach peak bone mass by early adulthood. So, you want to do everything you can to build your bones through your late twenties. Then, do what you can to preserve what you have. Your bone mass will begin to gradually decrease after about the age of 25. And, as part of the normal aging process, women after menopause begin to lose bone mass more rapidly.*

Keeping your bones strong hinges on having enough calcium and magnesium available during the remodeling process. If your body consistently uses more of these nutrients than are replaced, it may lead to bone loss.*

If you lose too much bone mass or your body doesn’t make enough new bone, it can lead to frailty, osteopenia (weakened bones), or osteoporosis. The word for this medical condition means “porous bones.” It causes bones become brittle and fragile from loss of tissue. Bones can become so fragile that minor falls or stresses can cause a fracture. In extreme cases, even coughing or sneezing can break a bone. Likewise, without sufficient vitamin D, bones can become thin, brittle, or misshapen.*

Help your bones stand strong with MagneCal D. Adequate vitamin D and calcium, as part of a healthy diet, along with physical activity, may reduce the risk of osteoporosis in later life. Several population-based studies have found positive associations between magnesium intake and bone-mineral density in both men and women. Consistently higher intakes of the nutrients in MagneCal D have also shown benefits in preserving bone-mineral density for post-menopausal women.*

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Along with good oral care, the nutrients in USANA’s MagneCal D can help support healthy teeth, too. Preserving bone density helps protect the health of your pearly whites. Calcium and adequate vitamin D levels have also been linked to maintaining healthy gums.*

Skeletal Support for Your Muscles and Nerves Helps Keep You Moving

A sturdy skeleton involves more than your bones. Your muscles work with your bones and joints to keep your body aligned and moving. The muscular system is made up of skeletal muscle tissue, blood vessels, tendons, and nerves.*

By promoting healthy bone mineralization, the ingredients in MagneCal D give you more complete neuromuscular support. It helps ensure your body has what it needs for proper muscle and nerve function.*

Nerves cells known as motor neurons play a role in muscle function. They do this by transmitting information from the brain, telling your muscles to contract or relax. Calcium and magnesium in your bloodstream are needed for those electrical signals and reactions. So, keeping the two elements in balance helps maintain proper muscle function.*

Vitamin D also helps maintain normal functioning of the nervous system. It helps maintain calcium balance, and has also been associated with the production and release of proteins needed for normal nerve cell signaling.*

The fat-soluble vitamin can also influence muscle strength, especially in people over 50. Studies have shown a higher level of vitamin D in the body is correlated with preserved muscle health. Keeping muscles strong is essential for maintaining physical performance—a key part of staying active and independent throughout life.*

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Be Good to Your Heart with MagneCal D

Your heart is a muscle. This tissue is responsible for making your heart contract and relax to pump blood through your body. So, supporting healthy muscle function and electrical conduction can help keep your heart beating strong. (Muscle tissue is also found in other organs and parts of your body, including your digestive system.)*

That’s just one of the ways MagneCal D can help support your heart.*

Getting the proper balance of nutrients is the key to a supplement’s ability to help maintain heart health. You wouldn’t want to supplement with calcium alone. You need a blend of nutrients that helps ensure calcium is deposited in your bones.*

Magnesium and vitamin D, in addition to calcium, are the key to showing your heart some love with a supplement. Supplementing with vitamin D or magnesium has been shown to help maintain healthy, normal blood pressure (already in the normal range).*

Adequate amounts of magnesium and vitamin D have been linked to support for healthy blood flow in two important ways:

  1. Supporting normal endothelial function. Endothelial cells are responsible for telling your blood vessels to expand and contract. They also support healthy blood clotting, which also requires calcium ions to function properly.*
  2. Supporting arterial elasticity. The artery’s ability to expand and contract helps maintain normal blood flow. *

A heart-smart partner for MagneCal D is USANA Vitamin K2. It’s a critical nutrient for ensuring calcium from your diet is absorbed by your bones and not by your blood vessels. This action helps maintain healthy, flexible arteries to protect normal cardiovascular function.*

Of course, as part of your overall healthy lifestyle, consume plenty of fruits and veggies, low or non-fat dairy, and less fat to help protect your heart.*

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Help Keep Your Energy and Blood Glucose Levels Steady

Your body gets the energy it needs to function from different sources. The magnesium in MagneCal D help support healthy metabolism to break down fats, carbohydrates, and sugars from food into useable energy sources.*

The simple sugar glucose breaks down into glycogen—a preferred energy source for your brain, red blood cells, and muscles. However, too much sugar in the blood can be unhealthy. That’s why it’s important to limit excess sugar and refined carbohydrates from your diet to help keep your blood glucose levels in a healthy range.*

MagneCal D can also help. Intakes of calcium, magnesium, and vitamin D have all been associated with maintaining normal blood sugar levels, provided they are already healthy. This is likely, at least in part, because of the role these nutrients play in supporting overall cell health. They also participate in the complex reactions that regulate how your body responds to sugar.*

Magnesium is also a critical part of the metabolism process that helps energize your cells. It provides important support to your mitochondria—your cellular power plants. And, magnesium is needed during production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)—the energy that powers cellular function. This cellular energy must be bound to a magnesium ion to become biologically active.*

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Maintain a Balanced Mood with MagneCal D

The benefits of MagneCal D extend beyond a strong skeleton to other forms of inner strength. It can also support a balanced mood.

Your mood involves an interplay of many factors, including genetics and biochemistry, lifestyle habits, and dietary patterns. A healthy diet has been linked to positive mood. On the other hand, unhealthy food choices and deficiencies in foundational nutrients have been linked to poor mood.*

You can support brain health with a quality multivitamin like the CellSentials, which will help ensure you get a full range of essential nutrients. MagneCal D also helps you avoid deficiency of two nutrients shown to be helpful for maintaining a balanced mood—magnesium and vitamin D. Both support healthy functions in the brain:*

  • Magnesium helps support healthy neuronal function. Neurons send and receive chemical and electrical signals via messengers called neurotransmitters. Maintaining normal function of this process is vital for healthy brain activity and mood.*
  • Vitamin D receptors are extensive in brain tissue. The D3 form has been shown to be neuroprotective. Supplementation of at least 600 IU of the sunshine vitamin per day (also in combination with vitamin A) has suggested benefits in perceptions of well-being.*

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Key Ingredients

See full list of ingredients

Usage

Adults take two (2) tablets twice daily, preferably with food.

Ideal For

  • All healthy adults over 18
  • Certified Kosher (U.S. formula)

Frequently Asked Questions About USANA MagneCal D

The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has warned consumers to apply a healthy dose of caution before buying products advertised as having “miracle” ingredients, new and unproven delivery methods, or “guaranteed” results. Many of these “quick cures” are unproven, fraudulently marketed, useless, and in some cases dangerous.

Coral Calcium is promoted mostly on late night infomercials. The marketing practices of coral calcium exploit and exaggerate the known importance and function of calcium and attempt to tie those benefits to their “miraculous” product and its “miraculous” cures. The fact of the matter is that there simply isn’t any good or thorough scientific research on coral calcium – and certainly not enough to support claims of “miraculous results.”

Coral reefs cover less than 1% of the planet’s surface, yet they are home to more than 25% of all marine life (over 4,000 different species of fish, 700 species of coral, and many other plants and animals). Coral reefs are among the world’s most fragile and endangered ecosystems, and strict laws are enforced to preserve them. Since it is illegal to mine live coral reefs, coral calcium must come from a different source. Some marketers of coral calcium attempt to circumvent this by stating that their ingredients are mined from old seabeds buried in the so-called “pristine” desert; or, mined from “fossilized coral sands that accumulated on the sea floor;” or, harvested from “only coral that washes up on the shore.”

The calcium content of coral calcium ranges from 24% to 38% and is composed primarily of calcium carbonate. This is often called “aragonite” or “calcite” to confuse and mislead the consumer into thinking it is something different than the standard forms of calcium already available to consumers.

The bottom line: coral calcium is simply a source of calcium carbonate.

Coral calcium is also touted as having a superior absorption rate. In reality, as long as it is tableted correctly and taken with a meal, calcium has a pretty standard absorption rate no matter what form it comes in. The RDAs for calcium are based on average absorption rates, so the recommended intakes already take into account the absorption rate in average persons.

Robert Heaney, M.D., a leading expert on calcium, has stated, “the advertising claims I’ve seen for coral calcium are outlandish. In the first place, all forms of calcium are poorly absorbed – and for good reason, to prevent dangerous ‘calcium intoxication.’ The idea that any calcium is 100 percent absorbed by the body is ridiculous and if true, would be potentially hazardous.”

In summary, here is what consumers need to know: the human body handles coral calcium just as it would any other calcium supplement. More importantly, there is usually more to a calcium supplement than just the source of calcium. Does the product contain adequate amounts of the other necessary nutrients for optimal bone health (vitamin D, silicon, boron, magnesium, vitamin K) or is it just a calcium product? Does it listelemental weights or complex weights? What is the delivery system?

Higher intake of supplemental magnesium can lead to gastrointestinal discomfort. If you experience any discomfort, try reducing your daily dosage and gradually increasing to your desired levels of daily intake.

Adverse effects of calcium in normal adults have been observed with chronic intakes above 2500 mg/day. The upper tolerable limit for adults 51 and older is 2000 mg/day.

Anderson JJ, Kruszka B, Delaney JA et al. Calcium Intake From Diet and Supplements and the Risk of Coronary Artery Calcification and its Progression Among Older Adults: 10‐Year Follow‐up of the Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). J Am Heart Assoc. 5(10):e003815-. 2016.

Aydin H, Deyneli O, Yavuz D. Short-term oral magnesium supplementation suppresses bone turnover in postmenopausal osteoporotic women. Biological trace element research. 133(2):136-43. 2010.

Castiglioni S, Cazzaniga A, Albisetti W, Maier J. Magnesium and Osteoporosis: Current State of Knowledge and Future Research Directions. Nutrients. 5(8):3022-3033. 2013.

Dietrich T, et al. Association between serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and periodontal disease in the US population. Am J Clin Nutr 80(1):108-13.

Lambert HL, Eastell R, Karnik K, Russell JM, Barker ME. Calcium supplementation and bone mineral accretion in adolescent girls: an 18-mo randomized controlled trial with 2-y follow-up. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 87(2):455-62. 2008.

Matchar DB, Chei CL, Yin ZX, et al. Vitamin D Levels and the Risk of Cognitive Decline in Chinese Elderly People: the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2016;71(10):1363-8.

Prince RL, Devine A, Dhaliwal SS, Dick IM. Effects of calcium supplementation on clinical fracture and bone structure: results of a 5-year, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in elderly women. Archives of internal medicine. 166(8):869-75. 2006.

Villegas R, Gao YT, Dai Q. Dietary calcium and magnesium intakes and the risk of type 2 diabetes: the Shanghai Women’s Health Study. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 89(4):1059-67. 2009.

Von hurst PR, Stonehouse W, Kruger MC, Coad J. Vitamin D supplementation suppresses age-induced bone turnover in older women who are vitamin D deficient. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2010;121(1-2):293-6.

Zhang FF, Driban JB, Lo GH, et al. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with progression of knee osteoarthritis. J Nutr. 2014;144(12):2002-8.

Bodnar LM, Simhan HN, Powers RW, Frank MP, Cooperstein E, Rob¬erts JM. High Prevalence of Vitamin D Insufficiency in Black and White Pregnant Women Residing in the Northern United States and Their Neonates. 2007. J Nutr 137:447-52.

Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Calcium. Dietary Reference Intakes: Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride. 1997. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press; 71-145.

Gennari C. Calcium and vitamin D nutrition and bone disease of the elderly. 2001. Public Health Nutr 4(2B):547-59.

Jugdaohsingh, R. Silicon and Bone Health. J Nutr Health Aging. 2007 Mar-Apr; 11(2): 99–110.

Kalkwarf HJ, Khoury JC, Lanphear BP. Milk intake during childhood and adolescence, adult bone density, and osteoporotic fractures in US women. 2003. Am J Clin Nutr 77(1):257-65.

Meacham SL, Taper LJ, Volpe SL. Effect of boron supplementation on blood and urinary calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus, and urinary boron in athletic and sedentary women. 1995. Am J Clin Nutr 61(2):341-5.

National Institutes of Health. Osteoporosis Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy. 2000. NIH Consensus Statement 17(1):1-36.

Nielsen FH. The emergence of boron as nutritionally important throughout the life cycle. Nutrition. 2000;16(7–8):512–514.

Nieves JW. Osteoporosis: the role of micronutrients. 2005. Am J Clin Nutr 81(5):1232S-9S.

Rude RK1, Singer FR, Gruber HE. Skeletal and hormonal effects of magnesium deficiency. J Am Coll Nutr. 2009 Apr;28(2):131-41.

Kass L, Weekes J, Carpenter L. 2012. Effect of magnesium supplementation on blood pressure: a meta analysis. Eu J Clin Nutr 66(4): 411-8.

Larsson SC, Wolk A. 2007. Magnesium intake and risk of… J Intern Med 262(2): 208-14.

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Other resources:

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*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food & Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

Toxicities of vitamins and minerals have been researched at length, and USANA has considered all available information when formulating products. Most vitamins have low toxicities, and for many no toxicity has ever been observed. Some fat-soluble vitamins can be toxic at high doses, but even when typical dietary intakes are considered, the amounts of vitamins and minerals in USANA supplements – when used as directed – do not come close to harmful levels.

Chronic intakes of vitamins and minerals at levels exceeding the LOAEL (Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level) can cause health problems, but the amounts of vitamins and minerals found in USANA’s products have been formulated to remain below these levels. USANA products are designed to enhance health, not be detrimental to it.

A good source of information on general vitamin and mineral safety is “Vitamin and Mineral Safety, 3rd Edition” by John N. Hathcock, Ph.D. Council of Responsible Nutrition. 2014. Concerned individuals can also contact the Council for Responsible Nutrition

Additional information on this topic can be found at the following “Ask the Scientists” article: Why do I need nutritional supplements?

The USANA allergen chart can help you find out which common potential allergens are in USANA products.

The importance of nutrition for human health has long been known. Prior to 1960, interest in this field focused mainly on the prevention of acute nutrient deficiency diseases, such as scurvy, rickets, and pellagra. Some 50 essential nutrients (vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, cofactors, essential amino acids, and essential fatty acids) were identified. Recommended daily intakes for those nutrients were also developed. The recommendations proved valuable in eliminating acute nutrient deficiency diseases.

During the past decades, focus has shifted to the role of diet and nutrition in long-term health. Nutrition has shown to play a role in the long-term health of heart, bones, joints, eyes, nervous system, and immune system.

Unfortunately, these associations are difficult to study, in part because of the timeframes involved. Many of these interactions take decades (or lifetimes) to study. It is very difficult to conduct research spanning more than several years in length. Despite this, advances in epidemiological and clinical research have uncovered a great deal of information about the impact of diet and nutrient intakes on long-term health.

In recent years, researchers have paid more attention to nutritional supplements as possible components of a healthy diet. These studies have used a wide variety of research methods and have produced positive and negative results. Some supplementation has become an accepted part of modern healthcare practices. This includes, for example, the role of calcium and vitamin D supplements in maintaining healthy bone density and the role of folic acid supplements in preventing certain birth defects. In other areas (like the role of antioxidant supplementation in heart health), results have been less consistent, and firm conclusions remain controversial.

research

The following is a list of peer-reviewed research examining possible health benefits of nutritional supplements and functional foods. This list is not exhaustive. Papers have been selected on the basis of scientific merit and relevance to the field—regardless of whether positive or negative results were obtained. This list provides you with a good cross-section of scientific literature, with hopes of contributing to a better understanding of the current state of nutritional research.

For convenience, references have been sorted by health issue:

  1. Abbey M, Nestel PJ, Baghurst PA. Antioxidant vitamins and low-density-lipoprotein oxidation. 1993. Am J Clin Nutr 58(4):525-32.
  2. Adank C, Green TJ, Skeaff CM, Briars B. Weekly high-dose folic acid supplementation is effective in lowering serum homocysteine concentrations in women. 2003. Ann Nutr Metab 47(2):55-9.
  3. Allender PS, Cutler JA, Follmann D, Cappuccio FP, Pryer J, Elliott P. Dietary calcium and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. 1996. Ann Intern Med 124(9):825-31.
  4. Agarwal S, Rao AV. Tomato lycopene and low density lipoprotein oxidation: a human dietary intervention study. 1998. Lipids 33(10):981-4.
  5. Aminbakhsh A, Mancini J. Chronic antioxidant use and changes in endothelial dysfunction: a review of clinical investigations. 1999. Can J Cardiol 15(8):895-903.
  6. Anderson JW, Allgood LD, Lawrence A, Altringer LA, Jerdack GR, Hengehold DA, Morel JG. Cholesterol-lowering effects of psyllium intake adjunctive to diet therapy in men and women with hypercholesterolemia: meta-analysis of 8 controlled trials. 2000. Am J Clin Nutr 71(2):472-9.
  7. Anderson JW, Davidson MH, Blonde L, Brown WV, Howard WJ, Ginsberg H, Allgood LD, Weingand KW. Long-term cholesterol-lowering effects of psyllium as an adjunct to diet therapy in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. 2000. Am J Clin Nutr 71(6):1433-8.
  8. Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Hernan MA, Giovannucci E, Kawachi I, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. Relation of consumption of vitamin E, vitamin C, and carotenoids to risk for stroke among men in the United States. 1999. Ann Intern Med 130(12):963-70.
  9. Bao B, Prasad AS, Beck FW, Fitzgerald JT, Snell D, Bao GW, Singh T, Cardozo LJ. Zinc decreases C-reactive protein, lipid peroxidation, and inflammatory cytokines in elderly subjects: a potential implication of zinc as an atheroprotective agent. 2010. AJCN 91:1634-41.
  10. Baur JA, Sinclair DA. Therapeutic potential of resveratrol: the in vivo evidence. 2006. Nat Rev Drug Discov 5(6):493-506.
  11. Bellamy MF, McDowell IF, Ramsey MW, Brownlee M, Newcombe RG, Lewis MJ. Oral folate enhances endothelial function in hyperhomocysteinaemic subjects. 1999. Eur J Clin Invest 29:659-62.
  12. Berman M, ERman A, Ben-Gal T, Dvir D, Georghiou GP, Stamler A, Vered Y, Vidne BA, Aravot D. Coenzyme Q10 in patients with end-stage heart failure awaiting cardiac transplantation: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. 2004. Clin Cardiol 27(5):295-9.
  13. Boaz M, Smetana S, Weinstein T, Matas Z, Gafter U, Iaina A, Knecht A, Weissgarten Y, Brunner D, Fainaru M, Green MS. Secondary prevention with antioxidants of cardiovascular disease in endstage renal disease (SPACE): randomized placebo-controlled trial. 2000. Lancet 356(9237):1213-8.
  14. Bor-Jen Lee et al. A significant correlation between the plasma levels of coenzyme Q10 and vitamin B-6 and a reduced risk of coronary artery disease. Nutrition Research 32(10):751-756, October 2012.
  15. Bronstrup A, Hages M, Prinz-Langenohl R, Pietrzik K. Effects of folic acid and combinations of folic acid and vitamin B-12 on plasma homocysteine concentrations in healthy, young women. 1998. AJCN 68(5):1104-10.
  16. Brouwer IA, van Dusseldorp M, Thomas CM, Duran M, Hautvast JG, Eskes TK, Steegers-Theunissen RP. Low-dose folic acid supplementation decreases plasma homocysteine concentration: a randomized trial. 1999. Am J Clin Nutr 69(1):99-104.
  17. Brouwer IA, van Rooij IA, van Dusseldorp M, Thomas CM, Blom HJ, Hautvast JG, Eskes TK, Steegers-Theunissen RP. Homocysteine-lowering effect of 500 microg folic acid every other day versus 250 microg/day. 2000. Ann Nutr Metab 44(5-6):194-7.
  18. Brown AA, Hu FB. Dietary modulation of endothelial function: implications for cardiovascular disease. 2001. Am J Clin Nutr 73:673-86.
  19. Brown BG, Zhao XQ, Chait A, Fisher LD, Cheung MC, Morse JS, Dowdy AA, Marino EK, Bolson EL, Alaupovic P, Frohlich J, Albers JJ. Simvastatin and niacin, antioxidant vitamins or the combination for the prevention of coronary disease. 2001. N Engl J Med 345(22):1583-92.
  20. Brown L, Rosner B, Willett WW, Sacks FM. Cholesterol-lowering effects of dietary fiber: a meta-analysis. 1999. Am J Clin Nutr 69(1):30-42.
  21. Bucher HC, Cook RJ, Guyatt GH, Lang JD, Cook DJ, Hatala R, Hunt DL. Effects of dietary calcium supplementation on blood pressure. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. 1996. JAMA 275(13):1016-22.
  22. Bucher HC, Hengstler P, Schindler C, Meier G. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. 2002. Am J Med 112(4):298-304.
  23. Chakraborti S, Chakraborti T, Mandal M, Mandal A, Das S, Ghosh S. Protective role of magnesium in cardiovascular diseases: A review. 2002. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 238:163-79.
  24. Chambers JC, McGregor A, Jean-Marie J, Obeid OA, Kooner JS. Demonstration of rapid onset vascular endothelial dysfunction after hyperhomocysteinemia: an effect reversible with vitamin C therapy. 1999. Circulation 99:1156-60.
  25. Cheng S, Massaro JM, Fox CS, Larson MG, Keyes MJ, McCabe EL, Robins SJ, O’Donnell CJ, Hoffmann U, Jacques PF, Booth SL, Vasan RS, Wolf M, Wang TJ. Adiposity, cardiometabolic risk, and vitamin D status: the Framingham Heart Study. 2010. Diabetes 59(1):242-8.
  26. Cheung MC, Zhao XQ, Chait A, Albers JJ, Brown BG. Antioxidant supplements block the response of HDL to simvastatin-niacin therapy in patients with coronary artery disease and low HDL. 2001. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 21:1320-6.
  27. Collaborative Group of the Primary Prevention Project (PPP). Low-dose aspirin and vitamin E in people at cardiovascular risk: a randomised trial in general practice. 2001. Lancet 357(9250):89-95.
  28. Connor WE. Importance of n-3 fatty acids in health and disease. 2000. Am J Clin Nutr 71(suppl):171S-5S.
  29. Constans J, Blann AD, Resplandy F, Parrot F, Renard M, Seigneur M, Guerin V, BoisseauM, Conri C. Three months supplementation of hyperhomocysteinaemic patients with folic acid and vitamin B6 improves biological markers of endothelial dysfunction. 1999. Br J Haematol 107:776-8.
  30. Cos P, De Bruyne T, Hermans N, Apers S, Berghe DV, Vlietinck AJ. Proanthocyanidins in health care: current and new trends. 2004. Curr Med Chem 11(10):1345-59.
  31. Cui R, Iso H, Date C, Kikuchi S, Tamakoshi A, the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study Group. Dietary Folate and Vitamin B6 and B12 Intake in Relation to Mortality from Cardiovascular Diseases – Japan Collaborative Cohort Study. 2010. Stroke 41:1285-9.
  32. Davi G, Romano M, Mezzetti A, et al. Increased levels of soluble P-selectin in hypercholesterolemic patients. 1998. Circulation 97-953-7.
  33. Davidson MH, Maki KC, Kong JC, Dugan LD, Torri SA, Hall HA, Drennan KB, Anderson SM, Fulgoni VL, Saldanha LG, Olson BH. Long-term effects of consuming foods containing psyllium seed husk on serum lipids in subjects with hypercholesterolemia. 1998. Am J Clin Nutr 67(3):367-76.
  34. Devaraj S, Jialal I. Alpha tocopherol supplementation decreases serum C-reactive protein and monocyte interleukin-6 levels in normal volunteers and type 2 diabetic patients. 2000. Free Radic Biol Med 29(8):790-2.
  35. Devaraj S, Li D, Jialai I. The effects of alpha tocopherol supplementation on monocyte function. Decreased lipid oxidation, interleukin 1beta, and monocyte adhesion to endothelium. 1996. J Clin Invest 98:756-63.
  36. Dieber-Rotheneder M, Puhl H, Waeg G, Striegl G, Esterbauer H. Effect of oral supplementation with d-alphatocopherol on the vitamin E content of human density lipoproteins and resistance to oxidation. 1991. J Lipid Res 32(8):1325-32.
  37. Din JN et al. Effect of ω-3 fatty acid supplementation on endothelial function, endogenous fibrinolysis and platelet activation in male cigarette smokers. Heart. 2013 Feb;99(3):168-74.
  38. Djousse L, Arnett DK, Carr JJ, Eckfeldt JH, Hopkins PN, Province MA, Ellison RC. Dietary linolenic acid is inversely associated with calcified atherosclerotic plaque in the coronary arteries: the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study. 2005. Circulation 7;111(22):2921-6.
  39. Duffy SJ, Gokce N, Holbrook M, Huang A, Frei B, Keaney JF Jr, Vita JA. Treatment of hypertension with ascorbic acid. 1999. Lancet 354(9195):2048-9.
  40. Duffy SJ, Gokce N, Holbrook M, Hunter LM, Biegelsen ES, Huang A, Keaney JF Jr, Vita JA. Effect of ascorbic acid treatment on conduit vessel endothelial dysfunction in patients with hypertension. 2001. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 280(2):H528-34.
  41. Dutta A, Dutta SK. Vitamin E and its Role in the Prevention of Atherosclerosis and Carcinogenesis – A Review. 2003. JACN 22(4):258-68.
  42. Dwyer JH, Dwyer KM, Scribner RA, Sun P, Li L, Nicholson LM, Davis IJ, Hohn AR. Dietary calcium, calcium supplementation, and blood pressure in African American adolescents. 1998. Am J Clin Nutr 68(3):648-55.
  43. Dyck, G. J., Raj, P., Zieroth, S., Dyck, J. R., & Ezekowitz, J. A. (2019). The Effects of Resveratrol in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease and Heart Failure: A Narrative Review. International journal of molecular sciences, 20(4), 904.
  44. Elliott TG, Barth JD, Mancini GB. Effects of vitamin E on endothelial function in men after myocardial infarction. 1995. Am J Cardiol 76(16):1188-90.
  45. Emmert DH, Kirchner JT. The role of vitamin E in the prevention of heart disease. 1999. Arch Fam Med 8(6):537-42.
  46. Engelen W, Keenoy BM, Vertommen J, De Leeuw I. Effects of long-term supplementation with moderate pharmacologic doses of vitamin E are saturable and reversible in patients with type 1 diabetes. 2000. Am J Clin Nutr 72(5):1142-9.
  47. Enstrom JE, Kanim LE, Klein MA. Vitamin C Intake and Mortality among a Sample of the United States Population. 1992. Epidemiology 3:194-202.
  48. Eritsland J, Arnesen H, Seljeflot I, Hostmark AT. Long-term metabolic effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with coronary artery disease. 1995. Am J Clin Nutr 61:831-6.
  49. Fang JC, Kinlay S, Beltrame J, Hikiti H, Wainstein M, Behrendt D, Suh J, Frei B, Mudge GH, Selwyn AP, Ganz P. Effect of vitamins C and E on progression of transplant-associated arteriosclerosis: a randomized trial. 2002. Lancet 359(9312):1108-13.
  50. Farina EK, Kiel DP, Roubenoff R, Schaefer EJ, Cupples LA, Tucker KL. Protective effects of fish intake and interactive effects of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid intakes on hip bone mineral density in older adults: the Framingham Osteoporosis Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;93(5):1142-51.
  51. Fleischhauer FJ, Yan WD, Fischell TA. Fish oil improves endothelium-dependent coronary vasodilation in heart transplant recipients. 1993. J Am Coll Cardiol 21:982-9.
  52. Fotino AD, Thompson-Paul AM, Bazzano LA. Effect of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on heart failure: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2013 Feb;97(2):268-75.
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Vitamins B9 (Folate) and B12 (Cobalamin) are water-soluble vitamins that are essential to health. Because of these vitamin’s role in all stages of life, from fetus to adulthood, many foods are fortified with these vitamins and vitamins supplements contain them to help individuals avoid deficiency.

Over the last decade, methylated forms of vitamins B9 and B12 have become popular supplement alternatives to the traditional forms that have been well-researched and used for decades. Each of these vitamins has their own benefits and reasons for different forms being available. Read on to learn more.

Vitamin B9 (Folate)

Folate regulates cellular metabolism and cell division. Coupled with its role in DNA and RNA, it supports healthy tissue growth and the regeneration of red blood and immune cells. It’s essential for fetal development, so it’s critical for pregnant women and those who may become pregnant to get enough folate.

It is always better to get nutrients from a healthy diet, and no supplement replaces the overall benefit of a healthy and nutritious diet. Foods containing folate are generally very nutritious, but folates themselves are not always the most bioavailable. As a result, the average intake of folates in food are typically well below recommended levels.

Low folate levels are especially concerning among women of child-bearing age. This is the reason that foods have been fortified with folic acid in many countries, and folic acid supplementation has become so popular.

Folic acid is the form most commonly used in fortification and supplements because it is generally more bioavailable, more stable, and less complex than food folates. The appearance of methylfolate is largely due to developments in the science of human genetics, and the discovery of a particular gene (MTHFR) that influences the ability to metabolize this vitamin.

MTHFR Variants

The methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene codes an enzyme that converts folic acid into a form that can be used by the human body, and is also responsible for converting homocysteine into methionine. One variant of the MTHFR gene (MTHFR C677T) results in a reduced capacity for metabolizing folic acid.

Your DNA contains two copies of the MTHFR gene, one from each of your parents. You could potentially have one or two copies of the MTHFR C677T gene variant. Having a single mutation of the MTHFR gene is rather common, and is typically medically irrelevant since one gene is still functioning normally.

Where you might have heard about more concern, is when the C677T variant is present on both copies of a person’s MTHFR genes (homozygous MTHFR C677T variant). Even in the case of a homozygous MTHFR C667T, research has shown that adequate dosages of regular folic acid, can be used safely and with good success (Moll S).

Statements like folic acid is ineffective in people with MTHFR “mutations”, it blocks methylation, can’t be absorbed, or is unsafe, are exaggerations and not entirely accurate. This variant merely lessens the efficiency of conversion.

What’s important when discussing folate (as folic acid, methylfolate, or any other form) is blood levels of folate. In other words, regardless of the form and differences in bioavailability, dosages, etc, the goal is to have adequate blood folate levels. Even with the MTHFR C677T variant, individuals can normalize their serum folate levels with consistent intake of adequate levels of folic acid. In fact, folic acid is the most researched type of folate shown to prevent neural tube defects (Crider, Crider, Wilcken, Tsang, Seyoum).

On the other hand, too much folic acid or unmetabolized folic acid (UMFA) is not entirely without issues either. So, you cannot take endless amounts to compensate for decreased absorption. Fortunately, the body is very resilient, and studies suggest that there are mechanisms by which the body adapts to higher folic acid intakes to limit exposure to unmetabolized folic acid (Tam).

Regardless of MTHFR variant, folic acid at levels of 600-1,000 mcg falls in a range that is both safe to consume and will typically increase blood-folate to an adequate level.

Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)

Vitamin B12 is an extremely complex molecule. Humans rely on the bacteria in their gut to make much of the vitamin B12 in their body. The other source of vitamin B12 is animal products, where the animals also obtained this vitamin from bacteria in their gut.

While anyone can have low vitamin B12 levels, vegetarians and vegans are especially susceptible to vitamin B12 deficiency because they don’t eat meat products—the main source vitamin B12. Those who are low in vitamin B12 will likely need to turn to supplementation.

Vitamin B12 is the only vitamin that cannot be made entirely synthetically. It is produced via a complicated process referred to as biosynthesis, since we rely on micro-organisms to manufacture or “synthesize” the vitamin. It is manufactured in basically the same way nature makes it in the gut.

The most common biosynthesis uses a bacterium called pseudomonas dentrificans and takes over twenty separate chemical reactions. This is the way nearly all commercially available vitamin B12 is made and available. Different forms such as cyanocobalamin and methylcobalamin would be biosynthesized the same way, with a single substitution reaction at the end between the methyl group and cyanide group.

Cyanocobalamin is the most common supplemental form of vitamin B12, due to its increased stability over forms like methylcobalamin.

Studies show cyanocobalamin can be readily converted in the body to active vitamin B12. When comparing cyanocobalamin to methylcobalamin, overall dosage and frequency of supplementation play a more important role than form in ensuring adequate blood levels (Zugravu).

Methylfolate and Methylcobalamin as Methyl Group Donors

It is not necessary to take methylcobalamin or methylfolate to support normal methylation. They are already abundant in a mixed diet. Typical intake of choline provides about 1,000 times more methyl groups, than typical intake of folate. In addition to choline, other B vitamins and amino acids like methionine provide thousands of times more methyl groups than simply taking methylated folate and B12.

Crider KS, Devine O, Hao L, et al. Population red blood cell folate concentrations for prevention of neural tube defects: Bayesian model. BMJ. 2014;349:g4554.

Crider KS, Yang TP, Berry RJ, Bailey LB. Folate and DNA methylation: A review of molecular mechanisms and the evidence for folate’s role. Adv Nutr. 2012;3(1):21-38.

Moll S, Varga EA. Homocysteine and MTHFR Mutations. Circulation. 2015;132(1):e6-9.

Seyoum E, Selhub J. Properties of food folates determined by stability and susceptibility to intestinal pteroylpolyglutamate hydrolase action. J Nutr. 1998;128(11):1956-1960.

Tam C, O’Connor D, Koren G. Circulating unmetabolized folic Acid: relationship to folate status and effect of supplementation. Obstet Gynecol Int. 2012;2012:485179.

Tsang BL, Devine OJ, Cordero AM, et al. Assessing the association between the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) 677C>T polymorphism and blood folate concentrations: a systematic review and meta-analysis of trials and observational studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;101(6):1286-1294.

Wilcken B, Bamforth F, Li Z, et al. Geographical and ethnic variation of the 677C>T allele of 5,10 methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR): Findings from over 7000 newborns from 16 areas world wide. J Med Genet. 2003;40(8):619-625.

Zugravu CA, Macri A, Belc N, Bohiltea R. Efficacy of supplementation with methylcobalamin and cyancobalamin in maintaining the level of serum holotranscobalamin in a group of plant-based diet (vegan) adults. Exp Ther Med. 2021;22(3):993.

Science has been at the heart of USANA since the very beginning, over 25 years ago. The company’s research and development (R&D) team is focused on developing high-quality, science-based products that help support long-term health.

USANA’s R&D team includes experts on human nutrition, cellular biology, biochemistry, genetics, the microbiome, as well as medical doctors. In addition to product research, USANA maintains a staff of scientists dedicated to the manufacturing and quality control of its products.

The company also has relationships and collaborates on research with a number of universities and research institutes. This includes the University of Washington; the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; the University of Utah; The Foods for Health Institute at The University of California, Davis; and The University of North Carolina at Pembroke.

Read below to learn about USANA’s newest research, patents, and past research that went into developing existing products.

Catch Up on USANA’s Newest Research

Advanced Doses of Vitamin D are Required to Achieve Optimal Vitamin D Status, Particularly During the Winter

A 28-day Lifestyle Intervention Program Incorporating a Meal Replacement Shake Improves Indices of Human Health

A Novel Assay for Determining Plasma Antioxidant Capacity

Bioavailability of Epicatechin after Consumption of Grape Seed Extract in Humans

Bioavailability of Silicon from Three Sources

Bioavailability of USANA Essentials vs Four Select Competitor Products

Calcium-Magnesium-Vitamin D Supplementation Improves Bone Mineralization in Preadolescent Girls

Comparative Absorption of Water Soluble Vitamins from Five Supplements

Comparative Bioavailability of Coenzyme Q10 in Four Formulations

Effects of Antioxidant Supplementation on Oxidative Stress in Trained Cyclists

Effects of Broad-Spectrum Antioxidant Supplementation on the Antioxidant Status of Human Plasma

Genetic and Epigenetic Signature Identifies Individuals with Elevated Response to Vitamin B12 Supplementation

Genetic Risk of Methylene Tetrahydrofolate Reductase Single Nucleotide Polymorphism on Blood Homocysteine is Dependent on Sex, Race, and Supplement Use

Glycemic Index (GI) Scores for USANA’s Chocolate, Vanilla, and Strawberry Nutrimeals

Glycemic Index (GI) Score for USANA’s Fibergy Bar and Chocolate Nutrimeal

Glycemic Index (GI) Score for USANA’s Peanut Butter Crunch Nutrition Bar

Grape Seed Extract Plus Vitamin C Improves Indices of Vascular Health

Hepasil DTX™ Increases Antioxidant and Detoxification Capacity by Boosting Glutathione and Vitamin C (1)

Hepasil DTX™ Increases Antioxidant and Detoxification Capacity by Boosting Glutathione and Vitamin C (2)

Method of Assessment of Antioxidant Status In Vivo

Pharmacokinetics of Poly C versus Ascorbic Acid

Short-term CellSentials Supplementation Significantly Improves the Quality of Life Metrics of Essentials Users

Ubiquinone versus Ubiquinol Clinical Research Bulletin

USANA CellSentials® Supplementation Significantly Increases Circulating Serum Nutrient Levels

Vitamin D Supplementation is Required During the Winter to Obtain Optimal Vitamin D Status

Brown M, Cuomo J, Tian J, USANA Health Sciences, Inc. 2017. U.S Patent No 10,632,101 Salt Lake City, UT: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

McDonald JH, McDonald SC, Lundmark LD, Kabara JJ, Garruto JA, USANA Health Sciences, Inc. 2007. U.S. Patent No 7,214,391. Salt Lake City, UT: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

Cuomo J, Rabovsky AB, USANA Health Sciences, Inc. 2002. U.S. Patent No 6,361,803. Salt Lake City, UT: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

Cuomo J, Rabovsky AB, USANA Health Sciences, Inc. 2002. U.S. Patent No 6,358,542. Salt Lake City, UT: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

Bosse JD, Dixon BM. Dietary protein in weight management: a review proposing protein spread and change theories. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2012;9(1):81.

Bosse JD, Dixon BM. Dietary protein to maximize resistance training: a review and examination of protein spread and change theories. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2012;9(1):42.

Cuomo J, Appendino G, Dern AS, Schneider E, McKinnon TP, Brown MJ, Togni S, Dixon BM. Comparative absorption of a standardized curcuminoid mixture and its lecithin formulation. 2011. J Nat Prod 74(4):664-9.

Eich N, Schneider E, Cuomo J, Rabovsky A, Vita JA, Palmisano J, Holbrook M. Bioavailability of epicatechin after consumption of grape seed extract in humans. FASEB. 2007;21(6).

Enomoto, AC, Schneider, E, McKinnon, T, Goldfine, H, Levy, MA. Validation of a simplified procedure for convenient and rapid quantification of reduced and oxidized glutathione in human plasma by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Biomedical Chromatography. 2020; 34:e4854.

Gamache P, Rabovsky A, Cuomo J. Lipoic acid analysis in food supplements by HPLC with Coulometric Array Detector. 1999. Presentation, Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

Ivanov V, Rabovsky A. Extracellular Matrix Regulates Proliferation Rate of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells: Role of Hyaluronic acid. 1996. Abstract Presentation, Becton Dickinson Symposium on Extracellular Matrix, ECM Interactions, London, UK.

Jin H, Cheng H, Chen W, et al. An evidence-based approach to globally assess the covariate-dependent effect of the MTHFR single nucleotide polymorphism rs1801133 on blood homocysteine: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2018;107(5):817-825.

Jin H, Maddela Rolando L, Sinnott Robert A. The Effects of a Multivitamin, Multimineral, and Multiantioxidant Supplement on Cardio-Metabolic Risk Biomarkers: A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences. 2020;8(5)127-138.

Jin H, Nicodemus-Johnson J. Gender and Age Stratified Analyses of Nutrient and Dietary Pattern Associations with Circulating Lipid Levels Identify Novel Gender and Age-Specific Correlations. Nutrients. 2018;10(11).

Levy MA, Mckinnon T, Barker T, et al. Predictors of vitamin D status in subjects that consume a vitamin D supplement. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2015;69(1):84-9.

Levy M A, McKinnon T, Goldfine H, Enomoto A, Schneider E, Cuomo J. Consumption of a multivitamin/multimineral supplement for 4 weeks improves nutritional status and markers of cardiovascular health. Journal of Functional Foods. 2019;62.

Levy M, Wu JR, Shi JP, et al. Proof-of-Concept and Feasibility Study to Evaluate the Effect of β-Glucan on Protective Qi Deficiency in Adults. Chin J Integr Med. 2021;27(9):666-673.

Mazumder P, Chuang HY, Wentz MW, Wiedbrauk DL. Latex agglutination test for detection of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii. J Clin Microbiol. 1988;26(11):2444-6.

McDonald J, Preobrazhensky S, Malugin A, Rabovsky A, Wood T, Wentz M. Effect of Vitamin E Supplementation on susceptibility to oxidation of isolated low density lipoprotein and apolipoprotein B-100 in unfractionated blood. 1997. Abstract Presentation, XI International Symposium on Atherosclerosis, Paris, France.

Nicodemus-johnson J, Sinnott RA. Fruit and Juice Epigenetic Signatures Are Associated with Independent Immunoregulatory Pathways. Nutrients. 2017;9(7).

Preobrazhensky S, Malugin A, Wentz M. Flow cytometric assay for evaluation of the effects of cell density on cytotoxicity and induction of apoptosis. Cytometry. 2001;43(3):199-203.

Preobrazhensky S, Rabovsky A, Goldmacher V, Wentz M. Comparative study of cytotoxic action of low density lipoprotein and cumene hydroperoxide on various lymphoid cell lines. 1997. XI International Symposium on Atherosclerosis, Paris, France.

Preobrazhensky S, Trakht I, Chestkov V, Wentz M. Monoclonal antibody-based immunoassay for evaluation of lipoprotein oxidation. Analytical Biochemistry. 1995;227(1):225-34.

Rabovsky A, Cuomo J. Olive oil: Direct measure of antioxidant activity. Free Rad Bio Med 1999;27(Supp 1):S42.

Rabovsky A, Cuomo J, Eich N. Measurement of plasma antioxidant reserve after supplementation with various antioxidants in healthy subjects. Clin Chim Acta. 2006;371(1-2):55-60.

Rabovsky A, Cuomo J, Wentz M. Inhibition of fat absorption with grape seed antioxidants. Free Rad Bio Med 1998;25(Supp 1):96.

Rabovsky A, Preobrazhensky S, Wentz M. In vitro antioxidant activity of flavonoids measured using different procedures. 1996. Abstract Presentation, 3rd Annual Meeting of the Oxygen Society, Miami Beach, Florida, USA.

Rabovsky A, Preobrazhensky S, Wentz M. Protection of cultured human cells from oxidative damage by alpha-tocopherol, ascorbic acid and flavonoids. 1996. Abstract Presentation, VIII Biennial Meeting International Society for Free Radical Research, Barcelona, Spain.

Rabovsky A, Preobrazhensky S, Wentz M. Synergistic action of Ascorbic Acid and Bioflavonoids in protecting Apolipoprotein B from oxidation. 1996. Abstract Presentation, VIII Biennial Meeting International Society for Free Radical Research, Barcelona, Spain.

Tian JJ, Levy M, Zhang X, Sinnott R, Maddela R. Counteracting health risks by Modulating Homeostatic Signaling.2022. Pharmacol Res. 2022;182:106281.

Ball SD, Keller KR, Moyer-mileur LJ, Ding YW, Donaldson D, Jackson WD. Prolongation of satiety after low versus moderately high glycemic index meals in obese adolescents. Pediatrics. 2003;111(3):488-94.

Barker T, Leonard SW, Trawick RH, et al. Modulation of inflammation by vitamin E and C supplementation prior to anterior cruciate ligament surgery. Free Radic Biol Med. 2009;46(5):599-606.

Barker T, Leonard SW, Trawick RH, Walker JA, Traber MG. Antioxidant supplementation lowers circulating IGF-1 but not F(2)-isoprostanes immediately following anterior cruciate ligament surgery. Redox Rep. 2009;14(5):221-6.

Barker T, Leonard SW, Hansen J, et al. Vitamin E and C supplementation does not ameliorate muscle dysfunction after anterior cruciate ligament surgery. Free Radic Biol Med. 2009;47(11):1611-8.

Barker T, Traber MG. Does vitamin E and C supplementation improve the recovery from anterior cruciate ligament surgery? Journal of Evidenced-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine. 2011;16:114-128.

Barker T, Martins TB, Hill HR, et al. Vitamins E and C modulate the association between reciprocally regulated cytokines after an anterior cruciate ligament injury and surgery. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2011;90(8):638-47.

Barker T, Martins TB, Hill HR, et al. Low vitamin D impairs strength recovery after anterior cruciate ligament surgery. Journal of Evidenced-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine. 2011;16(3):201-209.

Barker T, Martins TB, Hill HR, et al. Different doses of supplemental vitamin D maintain interleukin-5 without altering skeletal muscle strength: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in vitamin D sufficient adults. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2012;9(1):16.

Barker T, Martins TB, Kjeldsberg CR, Trawick RH, Hill HR. Circulating interferon-γ correlates with 1,25(OH)D and the 1,25(OH)D-to-25(OH)D ratio. Cytokine. 2012;60(1):23-6.

Barker T, Martins TB, Hill HR, et al. Circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines are elevated and peak power output correlates with 25-hydroxyvitamin D in vitamin D insufficient adults. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2013;113(6):1523-34.

Barker T, Henriksen VT, Martins TB, et al. Higher serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations associate with a faster recovery of skeletal muscle strength after muscular injury. Nutrients. 2013;5(4):1253-75.

Barker T, Schneider ED, Dixon BM, Henriksen VT, Weaver LK. Supplemental vitamin D enhances the recovery in peak isometric force shortly after intense exercise. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2013;10(1):69.

Barker T, Martins TB, Hill HR, et al. Vitamin D sufficiency associates with an increase in anti-inflammatory cytokines after intense exercise in humans. Cytokine. 2014;65(2):134-7.

Barker T, Henriksen VT, Rogers VE, et al. Vitamin D deficiency associates with γ-tocopherol and quadriceps weakness but not inflammatory cytokines in subjects with knee osteoarthritis. Redox Biol. 2014;2:466-74.

Barker T, Rogers VE, Henriksen VT, et al. Serum cytokines are increased and circulating micronutrients are not altered in subjects with early compared to advanced knee osteoarthritis. Cytokine. 2014;68(2):133-6.

Barker T, Rogers VE, Henriksen VT, et al. Muscular-based and patient-reported outcomes differentially associate with circulating superoxide dismutases and cytokines in knee osteoarthritis. Cytokine. 2019;115:45-49.

Barker T, Rogers VE, Levy M, et al. Supplemental vitamin D increases serum cytokines in those with initially low 25-hydroxyvitamin D: a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study. Cytokine. 2015;71(2):132-8.

Bemer B, Krueger SK, Orner GA. Sulindac pharmacokinetics. The role of flavin-containing monooxygenases. 2008. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Summer Internship Presentation, Oregon State University, September 26.

Best T, Clarke C, Nuzum N, Teo WP. Acute effects of combined Bacopa, American ginseng and whole coffee fruit on working memory and cerebral haemodynamic response of the prefrontal cortex: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Nutr Neurosci. 2019;:1-12.

Best T, Miller J, Teo WP. Neurocognitive effects a combined polyphenolic-rich herbal extract in healthy middle-aged adults – a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Nutritional Neuroscience. 2024;1-13.

Bloomer, R. , Pence, J. , Davis, A. and Stockton, M. Weight Loss and Improved Metabolic Health Measures Using a One-Week Active Nutrition Jumpstart Program in Overweight and Obese Men and Women. Health. 2023.;15, 640-653.

Dixon BM, Barker T, Mckinnon T, et al. Positive correlation between circulating cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (hCAP18/LL-37) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in healthy adults. BMC Res Notes. 2012;5:575.

Edwards RL, Lyon T, Litwin SE, Rabovsky A, Symons JD, Jalili T. Quercetin reduces blood pressure in hypertensive subjects. J Nutr. 2007;137(11):2405-11.

Frei B, Birlouez-aragon I, Lykkesfeldt J. Authors’ perspective: What is the optimum intake of vitamin C in humans?. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2012;52(9):815-29.

Greene DA, Naughton GA. Calcium and vitamin-D supplementation on bone structural properties in peripubertal female identical twins: a randomised controlled trial. 2010. Osteoporosis International, in review.

Guo X, Xu Y, He H, et al. Effects of a Meal Replacement on Body Composition and Metabolic Parameters among Subjects with Overweight or Obesity. J Obes. 2018;2018:2837367.

Guo X, Xu Y, He H, et al. Visceral fat reduction is positively associated with blood pressure reduction in overweight or obese males but not females: an observational study. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2019;16:44.

Henriksen VT, Rogers VE, Rasmussen GL, et al. Pro-inflammatory cytokines mediate the decrease in serum 25(OH)D concentrations after total knee arthroplasty?. Med Hypotheses. 2014;82(2):134-7.

Huang Y, Chen Y, Shaw AM, Goldfine H, Tian J, Cai J. Enhancing TFEB-Mediated Cellular Degradation Pathways by the mTORC1 Inhibitor Quercetin. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018;2018:5073420.

Johnson S, Hagen TM. Changes in Acute Human Plasma Glutathione Levels Following Lipoic Acid Supplementation. Howard Hughes Medical Institute Summer Internship presentation, Oregon State University, September 24, 2009, and Center for Health Aging Research Life Scholars presentation, Oregon State University, October 14, 2009.

Jubert C, Mata J, Bench G, et al. Effects of chlorophyll and chlorophyllin on low-dose aflatoxin B(1) pharmacokinetics in human volunteers. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2009;2(12):1015-22.

Junrong W, Haojie c, Jianpin S, et al. Development and validation of a diagnostic risk score for assessing a TCM condition, Protective Qi Deficiency, in adults. Eu J Int Med. 2020;35(101097).

Kang JW, Tang X, Walton CJ, et al. Multi-Omic Analyses Reveal Bifidogenic Effect and Metabolomic Shifts in Healthy Human Cohort Supplemented With a Prebiotic Dietary Fiber Blend. Front Nutr. 2022;9:908534.

Kesinger NG, Langsdorf BL, Yokochi AF, Miranda CL, Stevens JF. Formation of a vitamin C conjugate of acrolein and its paraoxonase-mediated conversion into 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroxy-4-oxooctanal. Chem Res Toxicol. 2010;23(4):836-44.

Lee MB, Kiflezghi MG, Tsuchiya M, et al. Pterocarpus marsupium extract extends replicative lifespan in budding yeast. Geroscience. 2021;43(5):2595-2609.

Levy MA, Tian J, Gandelman M, et al. A Multivitamin Mixture Protects against Oxidative Stress-Mediated Telomere Shortening. J Diet Suppl. 2024;21(1):53-70.

Leonard SW, Barker T, Mustacich DJ, Traber MG. Measurement of vitamin K homologues in biological fluids and tissues by APCI LC/MS. FASEB. 2010;24(Supp 1).

Lotito SB, Zhang WJ, Yang CS, Crozier A, Frei B. Metabolic conversion of dietary flavonoids alters their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Free Radic Biol Med. 2011;51(2):454-63.

Michels AJ, Dickinson BC, Chang CJ, Frei B. Generation of H2O2 by ascorbate auto-oxidation: possible implications for cancer therapy. 2010. Society for Free Radical Biology and Medicine Annual Meeting, Orlando, FL.

Peluso MR, Miranda CL, Hobbs DJ, Proteau RR, Stevens JF. Xanthohumol and related prenylated flavonoids inhibit inflammatory cytokine production in LPS-activated THP-1 monocytes: structure-activity relationships and in silico binding to myeloid differentiation protein-2 (MD-2). Planta Med. 2010;76(14):1536-43.

Shao Q, Zhao Y, Shi Y, et al. Chemical characterization of Siraitia grosvenorii granules and their efficacy and mechanism of action on PM2.5-induced acute lung injury. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2025;290:117702.

Song Y, Chung CS, Bruno RS, et al. Dietary zinc restriction and repletion affects DNA integrity in healthy men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90(2):321-8.

Song Y, Chung CS, Bruno RS, Traber MG, Brown KH, King JC, Ho E. Zinc status affects DNA damage and oxidative stress in healthy adult men. FASEB. 2009;23(Supp 1).

Song Y, Ho E. Effects of zinc deficiency on DNA damage, oxidative stress and oxidant defense in peripheral blood. FASEB. 2008;22(Supp 1).

Stockton M, Pence J, Davis A, Bloomer R. Impact of an Active Nutrition Program on Weight Loss and Metabolic Health in Overweight and Obese Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Cureus. 2024;16(10).

Traber MG, Barker T. Vitamins E and C in ACL (Anterior Cruciate Ligament) Injury. 2009. 3rd International Symposium; Nutrition, Oxygen Biology and Medicine. Paris, France.

Wolinsky LE, Cuomo J, Quesada K, Bato T, Camargo PM. A comparative pilot study of the effects of a dentifrice containing green tea bioflavonoids, sanguinarine or triclosan on oral bacterial biofilm formation. J Clin Dent. 2000;11(2):53-9.

Wu JR, Cheng HJ, Shi JP, et al. β -Glucan Improves Protective Qi Status in Adults with Protective Qi Deficiency-A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, and Double-Blinded Trial. Chin J Integr Med. 2021;10.

Wyatt HR, Ogden LG, Cassic KS, Hoagland EA, McKinnon T, Eich N, Chernyshev V, Wood T, Cuomo J, Hill JO. Successful internet-based lifestyle change program on body weight and markers of metabolic health. Obesity and Weight Management. 2009;5(4):167-73.

Yilmazer-musa M, Griffith AM, Michels AJ, Schneider E, Frei B. Grape seed and tea extracts and catechin 3-gallates are potent inhibitors of α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity. J Agric Food Chem. 2012;60(36):8924-9.

Yilmazer-Musa M, Tucker AM, Frei B. Inhibition of a-amylase and a-glucosidase activity by bioflavonoids: implications for carbohydrate metabolism and type-2 diabetes. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 2010;49(S37).