深入了解USANA®活力奥米加™对身体和大脑的益处

USANA®活力奥米加™

来自鱼油的浓缩奥米加-3脂肪和维生素D，会从健康的源头—细胞开始支持您心脏、大脑、眼睛等等的运作。

服用USANA®活力奥米加™，获取能让身体和大脑发挥最大功能所需的有益脂肪。没有高质量的奥米加-3脂肪酸的营养方案，就不能算是完整。这些脂肪酸有助于保持您从出生前到老年的健康，由于人体无法自行制造很多的奥米加-3，所以每周吃几次含丰富油脂的鱼是增加摄取量的一种方法。但是如果每天再服用USANA活力奥米加，就可以轻松地在饮食中获得大量的奥米加-3。*

活力奥米加是以浓缩的高质量鱼油精制而成，可以为您每日的健康提供许多好处。成千上万的研究证明，奥米加-3对于身体有多方面的好处：*

  • 细胞功能
  • 平衡的免疫反应
  • 心血管健康
  • 大脑和神经活动
  • 眼睛健康
  • 孕期健康
  • 关节和运动后恢复

此外，不断有研究指出补充奥米加-3对健康的好处，包括对肝脏和乳房的健康。此外，这个多功能补充品还添加了维生素D，能增进您的细胞健康。*

除了添加维生素D之外，活力奥米加强效的关键还包括长链EPA（二十碳五烯酸）和DHA（二十二碳六烯酸）的含量。EPA和DHA都经过广泛的研究，并且发现它们在体内提供不同的重要作用。而长链型式的奥米加-3比其他短链脂肪酸效能更好，这也代表您不用摄取那么多也能获得相同的健康益处。*

脂肪酸是您体内脂质（脂肪）的主要成份。它们由碳原子链（以及一些其他分子）所组成。碳链有不同的长度，根据其上碳原子的数量，分别被称为长、中、短链。有一到六个碳原子的脂肪酸被称为短链，如果有七到十二个碳原子，则是中链；长链的碳原子个数大于十二个。

这些不同链长的脂肪酸，在体内有不同的用途。α-亚油酸（ALA）是一种短链脂肪酸，可在体内转化为长链脂肪酸，如DHA。虽然这个过程并不像直接食用DHA或EPA那样有效，但还是很健康的，只是需要摄取更多的ALA才能获得相同的效益。这就是为什么从饮食摄取长链脂肪酸有助于满足人体的营养需求。*

活力奥米加提供市场上所能找到最高剂量的EPA和DHA。它由产源可靠的冷水深海鱼类制成。另外，它还含有柠檬油，能减少鱼腥味。（随餐服用也能减少鱼腥味）。这些都让活力奥米加成为支持您全身健康的绝佳产品。*

点击此处购物

了解脂肪

fingertips holding a BiOmega gel capsule

脂肪是您饮食的必要成份，但是，您应该减少摄取不健康的脂肪，多摄取有益的脂肪。

您应该限制的是饱和脂肪和反式脂肪。饱和脂肪含于红肉、牛奶、奶油和干酪中，它们不像反式脂肪那样有害，但应适度食用。反式脂肪酸（存在于部分氢化植物油中）对您的健康害处更大，请尽量避免食用，或者至少减少摄取量。这些脂肪在室温下是固态的；它们会促进低密度脂蛋白（LDL—坏胆固醇）的增加和堵塞动脉的脂肪沉积。

好的脂肪是存在于植物油、牛油果、坚果和种籽中的单元不饱和脂肪，因为它们不会促进动脉脂肪沉积。多元不饱和脂肪酸，尤其是奥米加-6和奥米加-3，对整体健康最有益。*

奥米加-6脂肪酸富含于禽肉、绿叶蔬菜、鸡蛋、坚果、谷物和植物油中。

奥米加-3脂肪酸有许多型态，但您最常听到的三种是α-亚油酸、EPA和DHA。亚麻籽、奇亚籽和核桃是植物性α-亚油酸的来源，可在体内转化为EPA和DHA。您可以直接从食物中获得EPA和DHA，例如含油脂的鱼—鲑鱼、鲔鱼、沙丁鱼、鳀鱼，或磷虾油。

奥米加-3和奥米加-6脂肪酸会互相抢夺相同的酵素，以触发身体产生类花生酸（下文有更多介绍）。因此，重要的是要保持两者的均衡，以确保能够同时获得两种脂肪酸的好处。*

许多专家认为，1：1的奥米加-3和奥米加-6的比例是最理想的。但是对大多数人的整体健康而言，4：1的比例才是很好的目标。然而，一般饮食通常含有较多的奥米加-6脂肪酸，因为许多加工食品都含有它。16：1（或更高）的奥米加-6与奥米加-3脂肪酸的比例并不罕见。*

这表示从饮食中摄取的奥米加-6会降低奥米加-3的益处，而奥米加-3则不会抵消过量的奥米加-6，这种情况可能会对您的健康产生负面影响。*

遗憾的是，这种不均衡的现象很常见。尽管与奥米加-3脂肪酸相关的健康益处甚为明显，但饮食调查显示高达百分之90的人根本没有从饮食中获得足够的数量。大多数人每天只摄取30-100毫克的EPA/DHA，远低于每天250毫克至2克的EPA/DHA建议摄取量。

食用富含油脂的鱼是增加奥米加-3摄取量的一种方法。建议每周至少食用两片六盎司的高脂肪鱼，以达到专家的建议量。

如果您因为食物偏好或对特定类型鱼类毒素的担忧，而无法或不想吃那么多鱼，那么活力奥米加就是一个很好的解决办法。汞或多氯联苯（PCBs，有机氯化合物）通常是最大的问题。补充优质鱼油是增加体内奥米加-3浓度的一种安全有效的方法，并可以帮助保持适当的均衡。并且您可以安心地使用来支持您的健康，而不用担心因为食用某些鱼类而遭受污染。*

点击此处购物

USANA活力奥米加鱼油没有鱼腥味

colorful tail of fish on white background

活力奥米加是由鳀鱼和沙丁鱼（寿命短的小鱼）全身的油（不是肝油）所制成。这些鱼所受到的污染自然要比剑鱼和大鲭鱼等大型鱼类低得多。它们都来自受监管的产地，以确保质量。事实上，活力奥米加所使用的原料（预先精炼过）油的PCB已经低于对成品的规定。

所有油质是用分馏法浓缩精制；换句话说，化学物质会在不同的沸点被分离。这种分子蒸馏法可以去除杂质和任何反式脂肪酸，仅留下有益的关键成份。接着会再次对成品油进行重金属和其他污染物的测试，以确保符合严格的纯度标准。

鱼油是来自鱼粉和罐头工业的副产品，并没有为了生产鱼油而特地捕捞渔获。并且所有废弃产品都会转成生物燃料，为位于加拿大新斯科细亚省的生产设施提供动力。

点击此处购物

良好的健康始于良好的细胞功能

man and woman seated in lotus yoga pose with hands in prayer at heart

活力奥米加的作用是从最基本的层面—细胞保护您的健康。我们先看看奥米加-3脂肪酸在细胞结构中的关键作用。

您体内的所有细胞都被封在质膜中，而饮食中的脂肪酸会被纳入细胞膜形成磷脂双层（磷脂是脂肪酸与磷酸盐的结合）。这层膜具有选择性屏障的作用，可以阻止或允许特定物质进入。这层膜就像是一个守门人，可以调节能穿过脂质屏障的水、氧气、营养素和其他物质。细胞膜中的蛋白质也是细胞发送和接收通讯信号的媒介。*

因为您的细胞膜是由饮食中的脂肪酸组成，所以它们的坚硬度或柔软度直接受到您所吃的食物的影响。坚硬的细胞膜对您没有任何好处，坚硬的细胞会让细胞运作所需要的物质更难以进入或离开。

illustration of cellular lipid membrane absorbing molecules

要确保细胞膜的柔软度需要维持饱和与不饱和脂肪酸的正确均衡。如果您摄取过多的饱和脂肪酸，因为这些脂肪酸较为坚硬，您的细胞膜也可能较硬。奥米加-3（特别是DHA）是您可以摄取到的关键结构脂肪之一，能够帮助维持细胞膜的柔软度和健康的功能。*

除了作为细胞结构的一部分之外，奥米加-3和奥米加-6脂肪酸还可以为您的身体提供许多功能。身体在生产一种称为类花生酸（前列腺素、血栓素和白三烯）的化合物群时就需要它们。这些化合物是类似激素的物质，可控制体内许多自然生理过程，包括血管收缩和舒张、以及凝血。*

有些好的东西如果太多可能有坏处，如类花生酸，如果细胞膜中存在过量的花生四烯酸（一种奥米加-6脂肪酸），结果会让类花生酸过量产生，这样最终可能会反过来导致组织损伤。

维持您细胞中良好的奥米加-6与奥米加-3的比例，就像是一种制衡系统。拥有足够的奥米加-3有助于控制类花生酸的含量和类型，进而帮助保持细胞活性的正常和平衡。这些活性包括促进健康的免疫功能和抗压反应。*

除了影响类花生酸外，奥米加-3还能维护健康的细胞讯号传输和正常的基因表达。*

同样地，活力奥米加所含的维生素D与奥米加-3脂肪酸共同作用，以支持细胞健康。几乎在身体的每个细胞上都有维生素D受体，这说明维生素D对您整个身体的健康和功能有多么重要。但绝大多数人都缺乏这种重要的营养素；活力奥米加特别加添维生素D，让您一整天都精力充沛。*

活力奥米加中的营养素对于维持各方面的健康来说非常重要，这是因为它们对您最基本的生理功能有着广泛的影响。*

点击此处购物

活力奥米加在心血管健康的核心中发挥功效

已知地中海饮食和得舒（DASH）饮食有益，而富含油脂的鱼一直都是这些饮食中的主食。其理由很充分，就是奥米加-3脂肪酸和鱼油有利于心血管健康。这些益处已在多项大规模流行病学研究和随机对照研究中得到验证。

您需要摄取多少才能获得对心血管的益处？美国心脏协会建议每周需吃两份富含油脂的鱼，如果需要，则补充鱼油。全球EPA和DHA 奥米加-3组织（GOED）建议每天摄取500到1000毫克的奥米加-3。有些研究显示，高摄取量也有益处。*

活力奥米加中EPA和DHA的浓缩浓度，是为了您的心脏健康而设计的。活力奥米加如何爱护您的心脏？让我们来看看有几种方式：*

  • 具有支持性但非决定性的研究指出，摄取EPA和DHA可降低冠心病的风险。一份活力奥米加提供1050毫克的EPA和DHA奥米加-3脂肪酸。[查看总脂肪、饱和脂肪和胆固醇含量的营养讯息] *
  • EPA和DHA有助于维持血浆中健康的高密度脂蛋白（HDL-好胆固醇）和三酸甘油酯（一种脂肪）浓度，这对于支持健康的动脉功能和血流量很重要。*
  • 血浆中较高浓度的奥米加-3与维持正常的血压有关。*
  • 饮食中摄取的奥米加-3脂肪酸与内皮健康有关，这对健康的循环很重要。*
  • 补充奥米加-3脂肪酸与动脉弹性有关，这是心血管健康的重要因素。*
  • 每天摄取1克海洋奥米加-3脂肪酸与维持健康的静态心跳有关。*

点击此处购物

活力奥米加是大脑的食物

image of smart beautiful woman sitting at computer smiling

大脑是身体的主要器官，控制着从呼吸和平衡，到记忆和情绪等等。良好的营养对维持整体大脑健康非常重要；您可以用富含有益脂肪的活力奥米加来供应大脑的营养需求。*

奥米加-3脂肪酸是您脑细胞膜的主要成份，这也使奥米加-3成为您大脑和中枢神经系统的发育、结构和运作所不可或缺的一部分。健康柔软的细胞膜有助于确保神经元发送和接收化学讯息的能力。这个过程对细胞通讯至关重要，它影响着学习、记忆和其他复杂的认知过程。*

DHA是大脑中主要的奥米加-3脂肪酸。因此，保持足够的浓度有助于维持许多大脑功能，包括正常的酶和电活动以及神经传递，这在您步入老年时变得尤为重要。较低浓度的DHA与老年人脑容量的减少有关。*

点击此处购物

活力奥米加如何帮助眼睛保健

close up of eye

您的大脑不是唯一含有大量DHA的地方，它还会自然集中在视网膜上来维护眼睛的健康。您眼球中的光敏部分会发送光信号给大脑，在那里形成一个视觉图像。DHA保护眼睛细胞，支持感光膜的柔软性，并有助于保持视网膜的完整性。*

此外，DHA可以帮助保持眼睛的健康光泽。它还能维持眼睛产生泪液油性成份的腺体的活性，来润滑您的眼睛，以保持正常的视力和眼睛的舒适感。*

前文已讨论过的奥米加-3对心脏健康的一些益处，也会在您的眼睛中发挥作用。您的眼睛含有微细的血管；因为活力奥米加中的奥米加-3能维持血管健康，故也有助于保护健康的眼睛功能。*

点击此处购物

Omega-3维护怀孕和婴儿的健康

mom holding laughing baby

如果您正准备怀孕、怀孕中或正在哺乳，活力奥米加应该是您日常饮食的重要部份。优质的产前维生素（如产前细胞基本营养素）会为您提供所需的重要维生素、矿物质和抗氧化剂。活力奥米加提供的奥米加-3脂肪酸有助于怀孕期的健康、产后的情绪稳定，以及正常的胎儿生长和发育。*

为什么需要补充品？要获得怀孕期间所增加的DHA和EPA需求，单靠饮食几乎是不可能的。而且由于担心污染物，许多母亲在怀孕和哺乳期间都会明智地避免吃海鲜，这对奥米加-3的摄取量有巨大影响。服用补充品可以帮助您获得足量的DHA和EPA，而不会接触任何污染物。*

活力奥米加鱼油可以帮助您宝宝的人生有一个明智的起步。DHA是胎儿和婴儿大脑神经细胞中的主要脂肪之一。一些观察性研究发现，怀孕期间摄取奥米加-3脂肪酸与儿童许多方面的认知功能的发育有关。以下各项都与怀孕期间的奥米加-3摄取量有关：*

  • 视觉识别/记忆
  • 口语能力
  • 行为
  • 智商
  • 精细运动的技能
  • 社交技巧
  • 沟通技巧

宝宝出生后，对健康脂肪的需求并不会结束。哺乳期间持续补充奥米加-3，可以进一步帮助宝宝认知能力的发育。*

mother holding baby in her arms

奥米加-3也有助于支持眼睛和视觉系统的健康发育。神经磷脂膜选择性地将DHA浓缩在光受体和一些细胞讯号传输位点，视网膜则选择性地结合EPA来维持眼睛的柔软性。一些研究指出，如果母亲在怀孕期间DHA不足，她的婴儿在出生后60天时的视觉敏锐度可能低于平均水平。*

产前摄取奥米加-3脂肪酸对于儿童健康的肺功能也有益处。

除了上述在发育方面的益处之外，EPA和DHA也是儿童、青少年和青年整体健康的重要成份。添加DHA的婴儿奶粉可以进一步支持宝宝大脑的发育。四岁以上的孩子可以开始服用USANA儿童活力奥米加来补充奥米加-3直到青春期。*

点击此处购物

使用活力奥米加从内到外使肌肤亮丽

woman with healthy skin with friends

营养护肤在皮肤外观上有重要的作用，在您的日常美容程序中加入活力奥米加，可以帮助改善肤质。

若缺乏必要脂肪酸会导致皮肤干燥并失去光泽。尽管奥米加-3不是皮肤中的主要脂肪酸，但膳食补充品可以确保您体内有足够的浓度来帮助维持皮肤的屏障功能。当然，您还是需要采用明智的防晒方法。*

点击此处购物

将活力奥米加放入健身包，来保持身体健康

muscular man doing pushup on bleachers with BiOmega bottle nearby

您运动以保持身体健康。活力奥米加可以帮助您实现健身目标。研究指出，摄取鱼油搭配规律的运动，比只做运动更能维持健康。尤其是帮助维持健康体重和身体脂肪，以及新陈代谢的健康。*

活力奥米加还可以帮助身体从运动后的疲劳中恢复过来，好让您保持强壮。鱼油有支持关节的功能，并有助于维持关节软骨的健康；关节软骨是覆盖骨头末端，两根骨头相连的部份。运动过后，活力奥米加中的营养素有助于减轻肌肉酸痛。另外，它们还可以帮助支持强健的骨骼，奥米加-3补充品还能帮助身体对运动和日常活动会造成的炎症做出正常健康的反应。*

点击此处购物

主要成份

  • EPA
  • DHA
  • 维生素D

详见补充品标示

使用法

每天服用两颗，建议随餐服用。

适用于

  • 18岁以上的所有健康成人
  • 怀孕或哺乳中的妇女

有关USANA 活力奥米加的常见问题

USANA的活力奥米加补充品是一种方便的鱼油补充品胶囊，其中含有均衡浓缩的有益奥米加-3脂肪酸，包括EPA（二十碳五烯酸）和DHA（二十二碳六烯酸）。

USANA的儿童活力奥米加则是一种含有适量的奥米加-3脂肪酸二十碳五烯酸（EPA）和二十二碳六烯酸（DHA）以及维生素D，美味爽口的无糖凝胶状鱼油补充品，非常适合吞咽胶囊有困难的孩童或成人食用。

每份（2粒胶囊）活力奥米加共含有1200毫克的奥米加-3脂肪酸；其中580毫克是二十碳五烯酸（EPA），470毫克是二十二碳六烯酸（DHA）。

研究清楚显示，必要脂肪酸对于发育中的婴儿很重要，但许多妇女单纯从饮食中的摄取量不足。在怀孕期间，奥米加-3脂肪酸（特别是DHA）有益于脑、眼睛、和神经的发育，特别是在最后三个月。*

活力奥米加™使用高真空分子蒸馏法纯化。（我们实际上蒸馏两次，以确保最高的纯度。）

分子蒸馏能除掉杂质（重金属、二氧化物…等）、饱和脂肪、和其他不必要的有机化合物，只留下鱼油的主要有益成份。分子蒸馏是用超低温蒸馏一段时间，并在真空中进行，以进一步降低所需的热量。此外，活力奥米加是由野生的鲥鱼和沙丁鱼制成的全鱼油（不是鱼肝油），这些是寿命不长的小鱼，其受到的污染自然比大鱼（如鲑鱼、鲔鱼…等）低得多。

USANA的所有产品，包括活力奥米加，都完全不含反式脂肪酸。

不，活力奥米加不含维生素A。除非制造商加入，否则只有鱼肝油（如鳕鱼肝油）制成的鱼油补充品才含有维生素A。

打开活力奥米加胶囊的主要问题是很难把胶囊内的液体完全清空，这样可能会减少所接受活性成份的食用量。（此外，可能难以掩盖鱼油的味道。）

假设味道不是问题，并且胶囊也可以完全被清空，这样就不存在用这种方式摄取活力奥米加的问题。只要确保立即食用这些液体，因为它的设计是不能暴露在空气中的。

活力奥米加™是由鲥鱼和沙丁鱼制成的全鱼油（不是鱼肝油），这些是寿命不长的小鱼，其受到的污染自然比大鱼（如鲑鱼、鲔鱼…等）低得多。事实上，活力奥米加所使用的原材料油（精炼前）所含的PCBs（多氯联苯）已经比行业指南的所订定的成品标准量低；然后我们又使用称为高真空分子蒸馏（两次）的方法进行纯化，之后再次检测成品中是否含有重金属和其他污染物。

鱼油通常含有极少量的奥米加-6和奥米加-9脂肪酸。如果某家公司的鱼油补充品中要添加大量的这些营养成分，则胶囊的体积和/或数量就不得不增加。

此外，奥米加-6脂肪酸在饮食中往往比奥米加-3更普遍，而奥米加-9脂肪酸虽然是有益而且健康的物质，但它们并不被认为是「必要的」（因为人体能够合成它们）。

添加了柠檬油，以减少可能的鱼腥味。
如果你仍然觉得腥味太重，可以尝试着用餐时服用活力奥米加。

每一个胶囊含10大卡，每日20大卡。

USANA锭片和胶囊不含小麦、燕麦、黑麦、大麦或、麸质。

advice of a physician.特别对高油脂的鱼（例如鲑鱼、鲭鱼、鲱鱼、沙丁鱼、鲥鱼）过敏的人，除非医生建议，否则通常不建议使用活力奥米加。

对特定贝类（如虾、螃蟹、龙虾）过敏的人，活力奥米加应该没有问题，因为它不含任何贝类成份。

Ryan AS, Nelson EB. Assessing the effect of docosahexaenoic acid on cognitive functions in healthy, preschool children: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2008;47(4):355-62.

Sinn N, Bryan J. Effect of supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids and micronutrients on learning and behavior problems associated with child ADHD. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2007;28(2):82-91.

Williams C, Birch EE, Emmett PM, Northstone K, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood (ALSPAC) Study Team. Stereoacuity at age 3.5 y in children born full-term is associated with prenatal and postnatal dietary factors: a report from a population-based cohort study. 2001. Am J Clin Nutr 73:316-22.

Barceló-Coblijn G, Murphy EJ, Othman R, Moghadasian MH, Kashour T, Friel JK. Flaxseed oil and fish-oil capsule consumption alters human red blood cell n–3 fatty acid compositions: a multiple-dosing trial comparing 2 sources of n–3 fatty acids. 2008. AJCN 88(3):801-9.

Bourre JM. Roles of unsaturated fatty acids (especially omega-3 fatty acids) in the brain at various ages and during ageing. 2004. J Nutr Health Aging 8(3):163-74.

Greenberg JA, Bell SJ, Ausdal WV. Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation During Pregnancy. 2008. Rev Obstet Gynecol 1(4):162–169.

Holub DJ, Holub, BJ. Omega-3 fatty acids from fish oils and cardiovascular disease. 2004. Mol Cell Biochem 263(1-2):217-25.

Kris-Etherton PM, Harris WS, Appel LJ; American Heart Association. Nutrition Committee. Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease. 2002. Circulation 106(21):2747-57.

Looker AC, Pfeiffer CM, Lacher DA, Schleicher RL, Picciano MF, Yetley EA. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status of the US population: 1988-1994 compared with 2000-2004. 2008. AJCN 88(6):1519-1527.

Lopez-Garcia E, Schulze MB, Manson JE, Meigs JB, Albert CM, Rifai N, Willett WC, Hu FB. Consumption of (n-3) Fatty Acids Is Related to Plasma Biomarkers of Inflammation and Endothelial Activation in Women. 2004. J Nutr 134:1806-11.

Saintonge S, Bang H, Gerber LM. Implications of a New Definition of Vitamin D Deficiency in a Multiracial US Adolescent Population: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III. 2009. Pediatrics 123(3):797-803.

Sinikovic DS, Yeatman HR, Cameron D, Meyer BJ. Women’s awareness of the importance of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid consumption during pregnancy: knowledge of risks, benefits and information accessibility. 2009. Public Health Nutrition 12:562-569.

Tartibian B, Maleki BH, and Abbasi A. Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation attenuates inflammatory markers after eccentric exercise in untrained men. Clin J Sport Med 2011 Mar;21(2):131-7.

Uauy R, Hoffman DR, Mena P, Llanos A, Birch EE. Term infant studies of DHA and ARA supplementation on neurodevelopment: results of randomized controlled trials. 2003. The Journal of Pediatrics 143(4), S1:17-25.

Schools Physical Activity and Nutrition Survey (SPANS)

Connor WE. Importance of n-3 fatty acids in health and disease. 2000. Am J Clin Nutr 71(supply):171S-5S.

Dalton A, Wolmarans P, Witthuhn RC, Van stuijvenberg ME, Swanevelder SA, Smuts CM. A randomised control trial in schoolchildren showed improvement in cognitive function after consuming a bread spread, containing fish from a marine source. 2008. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 80(2-3):143-9.

Hoffman DR, Theuer RC, Castañeda YS, Wheaton DH, Bosworth RG, O’Connor AR, Morale SE, Wiedemann LE, Birch EE. Maturation of Visual Acuity is Accelerated in Breast-Fed Term Infants Fed Baby Food Containing DHA-Enriched Egg Yolk. 2004. J Nutr 134:2307-13.

Simopoulos AP. 2002. The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids. Biomed Pharmacother 56(8): 365-79.

Kiecolt-Glaser J, et al. 2012. Omega-3 supplementation lowers inflammation in healthy middle-aged and older adults: A randomized controlled trial. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 26(6): 988-995.

Kiecolt-Glaser, et al. 2011. Omega-3 supplementation lowers inflammation and anxiety in medical students: A randomized controlled trial. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 25(8): 1725-1734.

Surette M. 2008. The science behind dietary omega-3 fatty acids. CMAJ 178(2): 177-180.

Haag M. 2003. Essential fatty acids and the brain. Can J Psychiatry 48: 195-203.

Querques G, Forte Raimondo, Souied E. 2011. Retina and omega-3. J Nutr Metab [Internet] [accessed 11 April 2018] Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3206354/

Kang J. 2012. Reduction of heart rate by omega-3 fatty acids and the potential underlying mechanisms. Front Physiol 3: 416.

Dyall S. 2015. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and the brain: a review of the independent shared effects of EPA, DPA, and DHA. Front Aging Neurosci [Internet] [accessed 5 April 2018] Available at https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnagi.2015.00052/full

Tan Z, et al. 2012. Red blood cell omega-3 fatty acid levels and markers of accelerated brain aging. Neurology 78(9): 658-664.

Denis I, Potier B, Heberden C, Vancassel S. 2015. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and brain aging. Curr Opin Clin Nut Met Car 18(2): 139-146.

Coletta J, Bell S, Roman A. 2010. Omega-3 fatty acids and pregnancy. Rev Obstet Gynecol 3(4): 163-171.

Helland IB, et al. 2003. Maternal supplementation with very-long-chain n-3 fatty acids during pregnancy and lactation augments children’s IQ at 4 years of age. Pediatrics 111(1): e39-44.

Escamilla-Nuñez MC, et al. 2014. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation during pregnancy and respiratory symptoms in children. Chest 146(2): 373-382.

Barker T, Henriksen VT, Martins TB, Hill HR, Kjeldsberg CR, Schneider ED, Dixon BM, & Weaver LK (2013). Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D predicts muscular weakness after intense exercise. Nutrients, 5; 1253-75.

Barker T, Martins TB, Hill HR, Kjeldsberg CR, Dixon BM, Schneider ED, Henriksen VT, & Weaver LK (2014). Vitamin D sufficiency associates with an increase in anti-inflammatory cytokines after intense exercise in humans. Cytokine, 65: 134-137.

https://www.meg-3.com/en_US/health-benefits.html

您可能也有兴趣阅读

Selective focus happy couple hugging with positive pregnancy test in bedroom.

孕期营养-为健康的怀孕和宝宝打造基础

孕期营养是拥有健康宝宝的关键。了解如何制定不同怀孕阶段的健康饮食计划。

阅读更多

Food sources of omega 3 and healthy fats, top view.

学习关于膳食脂肪的知识

简单介绍了膳食脂肪的化学性质及其在营养中的作用，探讨不同类型脂肪之间的差异，以及其在饮食中的角色。

阅读更多

五种您会喜欢又对心脏健康有益的美食

了解五种对心脏健康有益的食物，以及为什么它们对心脏有益。获取制定心脏健康饮食的提示。

阅读更多

*这些内容未经美国食品暨药物管理局的审阅。本产品不用于诊断、治疗、医治或预防任何疾病。

服用USANA®儿童活力奥米加™，是让大脑和身体获得健康的明智的开端

儿童活力奥米加

含可口香橙-菠萝味的凝胶，可让您的孩子高高兴兴地挤出来吃，摄取富含奥米加-3脂肪酸的鱼油和维生素D。

在育儿方面，有时您必须有好的对策。您知道让您的孩子获得全方位的营养素对于健康成长是非常重要的，但是要让孩子乖乖吃某些东西—任何类似真正食物的东西，似乎是一项力不能胜的挑战。现在您可以不用担心晚餐时要坐下来吃鱼了！USANA儿童活力奥米加可以帮助您保持理智，不再在餐桌上发脾气（好吧，也许有些人会）。在没有争吵的情况下，让您的小宝贝享受鱼类的优质脂肪带来的好处。儿童活力奥米加富有热带口味的美味奥米加-3加上维生素D补充品，会让孩子们非常期待的。

来自儿童活力奥米加鱼油中的健康奥米加-3脂肪酸吃后不会有鱼腥味，这将使您更容易确保孩子获得重要的奥米加-3脂肪（尤其是DHA、EPA）以及他们所需的维生素D来帮助支持：

  • 健康成长和发育*
  • 健康的大脑功能*

儿童活力奥米加提供方便的单次份量小包装。因此，4岁及以上的儿童、青少年以及对吞咽锭片和胶囊有困难的成年人都可以轻松服用。凝胶的香橙-菠萝口味盖过了鱼腥味，可以从包装中直接挤出来食用（最好冷藏后食用）。或者您可以将它添加到浓稠、冰凉的食物中，如优格或果昔。

使用不添加糖的奥米加-3补充品，帮助维持孩子的身心健康。孩子们将会期望服用儿童活力奥米加，并把它当作点心每隔一天吃一次。当您将儿童活力奥米加和儿童营养素™搭配使用时，您会感觉很棒，因为您知道这已经满足了许多重要的营养需求。即便那天其它饮食不太理想。*

儿童活力奥米加从鱼中萃取出健康剂量的有益脂肪

营养是让孩子健康起步的关键。您也许会想到服用多种维生素可以提供维生素、矿物质和抗氧化剂，但是不要忘记均衡饮食的重要性，其中也包括有益脂肪。

脂肪是所有孩子们饮食的重要组成部分。减少不健康的脂肪，同时也鼓励摄取健康的脂肪，是为生活提供良好营养坚实基础的关键。

遗憾的是，许多孩子喜欢吃很多含有饱和脂肪或反式脂肪的食物，如肉类、牛奶和干酪。摄取过多这些类型的脂肪对孩子的健康无益。

在植物性食物中所含的单元不饱和脂肪，与如奥米加-3脂肪酸等多元不饱和脂肪酸，是他们饮食的重要补充。一些最有益的和经过充分研究的健康脂肪是奥米加-3脂肪酸，特别是EPA（二十碳五烯酸）和DHA（二十二碳六烯酸）。

USANA的儿童活力奥米加可以帮助您为孩子的饮食添加高生物可利用性的奥米加-3脂肪酸。这种可口的香橙-菠萝味凝胶提供来自可长期供货的货源并经浓缩的超精炼鱼油，每包提供总含量650毫克（mg）的奥米加-3脂肪酸，其中含有350毫克的EPA和230毫克的DHA。儿童活力奥米加也是维生素D3的极佳来源，这些成分可共同帮助维持孩子的健康成长和发育。*

为什么奥米加-3补充品对儿童很重要？

一项不断扩展的研究显示，EPA和DHA奥米加-3脂肪酸对整体健康的重要性，即使在生命的最早阶段也是如此。因为大家都知道这些必要营养素的重要性，所以孕妇和新手妈妈经常将这些添加在她们的饮食中。大多数婴儿奶粉现在也添加奥米加-3脂肪酸，来帮助婴儿在出生后前几年不断成长的大脑和身体。*

但是当孩子过渡到吃固体食物时，他们饮食中的奥米加-3脂肪酸含量可能会急剧下降，并在整个童年时期保持低浓度。并且毫不意外地，报告也显示情况确实如此：北美大约80%的儿童未在饮食中摄取足够的奥米加-3脂肪酸。这种短缺的情况在北美以外的儿童中也很常见。大多数人摄取的维生素D都不足。

在体内维持最佳奥米加-3脂肪酸浓度的最好方法是直接从饮食中摄取。因此，为了确保您的孩子获得健康含量的这些有益脂肪，首先要鼓励他们定期食用这些富含奥米加-3脂肪酸的食物：

  • 鲑鱼、野生鲔鱼、鲭鱼、沙丁鱼、鲱鱼和其它鱼类（不幸的是，大多数裹粉油炸的鱼块中所含的奥米加-3脂肪酸几乎都不多）
  • 种子（奇亚籽、亚麻籽），毛豆和坚果（核桃）
  • 强化食品，如鸡蛋、果汁或酸奶

强化食品和高脂肪鱼、蛋和酸奶也是维生素D的来源，不过含量往往很低。因此，服用营养补充品是一种很好的解决办法，可以为您的孩子提供更多的维生素D。

您也可以每隔一天给孩子服用一包儿童活力奥米加，尤其如果他们挑食并且不太吃上列的食物。这是一种没有压力的方法，可以确保他们不断成长的身体摄取到支持正常成长和发育所需的有益脂肪和维生素D。*

为成长中的身体把握住儿童活力奥米加的好处

在生命早期打造健康的身体，可以在成年期获得长期的正面效益。您的孩子的发育和整体健康需要摄取足够的奥米加-3脂肪酸（包括EPA与DHA）和维生素D，以维持身体许多不同部位的健康功能：*

由于奥米加-3脂肪酸在体内的中心角色，它能支持许多不同方面的健康。奥米加-3脂肪酸透过细胞膜的吸收来保持细胞膜的流动性和渗透性（因此让物质可以进出），从而帮助保持细胞健康和正常运作。

流体细胞膜基于许多因素而非常重要，其一是能帮助细胞轻松地从孩子的饮食中吸收营养，为它们需要执行的各种生理过程提供能量，包括随着孩子身体的成长的需要而产生更多细胞。儿童活力奥米加也因此成为能确保您孩子的细胞能够从他们所吃的食物中最有效吸收营养的好方法。*

奥米加-3对于重要的信号传导分子的产生也是至关重要。信号传导分子是携带讯息的信使，这些被称为类二十烷酸的分子是引导细胞之间许多生化过程和相互作用所需要的。类二十烷酸影响肌肉、循环系统、免疫系统、消化系统等的健康功能。*

维生素D对于孩子身体几乎每个细胞的健康功能也很重要。大多数组织细胞上都有维生素D受体，包括肌肉、皮肤、神经系统和甲状腺。而且维生素D会支持身体适当使用钙，是支持强健骨骼和牙齿发育的关键。对成长中的身体来说，这使得维生素D与奥米加-3脂肪酸的角色同样重要。*

服用儿童活力奥米加来帮助不断成长的大脑是明智的开端

儿童早期的学习速度比其它任何时候都快，这是他们学习将在一生中使用的技能和行为的时期。这意味着支持他们发展健康的大脑，为他们的未来建立一个明智的开端是非常重要。*

大脑有一半以上都是脂肪，而DHA是大脑、眼睛和神经系统中浓度最高的多元不饱和脂肪。因此，透过儿童活力奥米加供应孩子身体所需的DHA，有助于支持他们正在发育的大脑的正常结构和功能。*

这种对脑细胞的结构性支持有助于它们传递讯息，并可支持许多方面的认知能力的发展：*

  • 学习能力*
  • 词汇获取*
  • 听力理解*
  • 短期记忆*
  • 注意力和专注力*
  • 行为和情绪*

整个大脑需要儿童活力奥米加中的奥米加-3来支持细胞之间的良好沟通。事实上，它们在沟通中的作用非常重要，所以健康的脑细胞膜含有比身体其它部位多10倍的奥米加-3脂肪酸。它们藉由在大脑中建立发送和接收讯息的最佳环境，来保持讯息流通。*

大脑和神经系统中的讯息是由特定的细胞—神经元传递。它们使用电子和化学讯号传递讯息，流体细胞膜是传递这些讯号的一个关键元素。

当DHA被吸收到神经元膜中时，它不仅能支持流动性，还能支持形成学习和记忆所需的新神经网络。*

您孩子正在成长的大脑使用DHA来支持新神经元和突触的产生，这些神经元和突触是讯息在细胞之间传递的交汇点。神经元膜中的奥米加-3脂肪酸有可帮助促进突触的可塑性和功能，从而使大脑重塑自身以适应和储存新讯息。*

正如您所看到的，奥米加-3脂肪酸在支持成长中的大脑和身体方面发挥着许多作用。儿童活力奥米加可以为您的孩子提供美味的必要营养，帮助他们茁壮成长。

主要成分

  • DHA
  • EPA
  • 维生素D

详见完整成分表

使用法

4-12岁儿童—每隔一天直接或搭配食物服用一包（2.5克）可。冷藏后食用口感更佳。

适用于

  • 4岁及以上的儿童
  • 青少年
  • 吞咽锭片有困难的健康成人

https://www.eatright.org/food/vitamins-and-supplements/types-of-vitamins-and-nutrients/do-kids-need-omega-3-fats

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10617967

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19201180

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2621042/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15333721

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15524182

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12438303

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19158221

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18180340

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17435458

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11157330

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18779299

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15129302

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19064511

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19255005

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14597910

http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/pubs/2006/spans

https://www.seafoodhealthfacts.org/seafood-nutrition/healthcare-professionals/omega-3-content-frequently-consumed-seafood-products

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26688435

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5751211/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1908631

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20620762

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5417803/

https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/88/2/491S/4649916

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27842299

https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Omega3FattyAcids-HealthProfessional/

http://www.dhaomega3.org/Overview/DHA-for-Optimal-Brain-and-Visual-Functioning

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4728620/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3738999/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2844685/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25713056

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25054550

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3792211/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4743082/

https://qbi.uq.edu.au/brain-basics/brain/brain-physiology/what-synaptic-plasticity

https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/fatty-acid-molecules-a-role-in-cell-14231940

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27288396

https://www.coromega.com/faq

childrens nutrition

看看关于儿童营养的事实

儿童的营养对于支持成长中的心智和身体都非常重要。专注于健康均衡的饮食和适当的营养补充是关键。

阅读更多

Little girl with variety of fruit and vegetable. Colorful rainbow of raw fresh fruits and vegetables. Child eating healthy snack. Vegetarian nutrition for kids. Vitamins for children. View from above.

健康成长：孩子成长期间的适当营养

孩子的营养需求随着年龄的增长而变化。来了解健康的孩子在不同年龄阶段需要什么来帮助他们成长，同时也了解有关儿童营养的提示。

阅读更多

厨房里的孩子：全家一起做饭的要诀

与孩子一起下厨不见得会一团糟。来了解全家一起做饭的好处、如何准备以及要诀。

阅读更多

*这些内容未经美国食品暨药物管理局的审阅。本产品不用于诊断、治疗、医治或预防任何疾病。

补充阳光的简单方法：USANA维生素D

USANA®维生素D

使用富含维生素K2的高效维生素D3补充品，支持您的日常健康和强健的身体。*

阳光，可以充实您的心灵，帮助体内生产维生素D，以滋养您的身体。但如果您想从太阳中获取所有的维生素D，就必须做到这几件事。首先，确保您在一年的黄金时段住在离赤道够近的地方，以获取最佳射线。然后每隔几天在上午10点到下午3点之间待在户外至少10到15分钟。尽可能多让肌肤曝晒在阳光下，并且不要使用防晒霜，但要避免皮肤晒伤。

听起来很复杂吧？您不但有些事要做、有些地方要去，还有些人要看。所以，现在请穿好衣服，每天涂上防晒霜，全年服用USANA®维生素D来滋养身体。*

您很可能需要补充阳光，您可能还是全世界每两人中就有一位缺乏维生素的那一位。获得足够的维生素D很重要，这种必要营养素在许多方面都与维持身体健康有关：

  • 保持正常的细胞健康和功能*
  • 支持骨骼和牙齿再矿化和生长*
  • 维持肌肉力量和协调性*
  • 协助强大而均衡的免疫功能*

补充维生素D与身体的长期健康有关系。USANA的维生素D配方也为终身健康提供了另一项关键性的好处。它特别适合心脏，因为富含维生素K2，是心血管健康的重要营养素。*

如果您有很多时间在户外阳光下，可能就不需要额外的维生素D补充品来补充日常的综合维生素的不足。但是，如果像大多数人一样，您并没有每天都照到足够的阳光，那就尽量走出户外，并让USANA维生素D成为您个人的阳光源泉。

点击此处购物

不太乐观的维生素D的发展趋势

体内维生素D的状态是维持身体健康的一项因素，然而大多数人却普遍缺乏和不足。报告显示，全球有近50%的人口体内维生素D含量过低。光是在美国，每天就有多达三分之二的人没有获得足够的维生素D。

这个问题很普遍，而且有增加的趋势，这种现象可能会产生严重而深远的影响。维生素D不足的情况与全球人类各种健康问题有关。

有许多因素会导致维生素D浓度不足。

缺乏UVB照射

人类在户外的环境中不断进化，因此经常暴晒在阳光下，我们的身体因而发展出将紫外线B（UVB）射线转换成维生素和激素等重要物质的能力，以维持我们的健康：也就是维生素D.

不幸的是，不断在UVB中曝晒的环境在现代世界中并不太受欢迎。人们呆在室内的时间越来越多；而因为对皮肤癌和过早衰老的恐惧，让他们在户外时总是涂上防晒霜并遮盖皮肤。由于缺乏UVB照射，导致天然维生素D的浓度显著下降。

您居住的位置

看看地球仪，在上面找到赤道。如果您离赤道越远，身体就越难利用阳光来制造维生素D。这是因为阳光以更大的角度照射大气层，而阻挡了更多的UVB射线，特别是在冬季。如果您生活在污染区域，那么也会影响UVB射通过皮肤的多少。

一天中和一年中的时间

在秋季和冬季，太阳的角度也是一个问题。这是因为在一天的早上和傍晚时刻，UVB射线穿过大气层会比较少。越接近中午，您的身体照射到的UVB就会越多。

只需在站在外面时观察影子的长度即可测试。如果您的影子长于您的身高，您身体接受的UVB射线就越少，您体内就会生产较少的维生素D。

 

年龄

由于行动不便，老年人通常在室内的时间较多，这也会影响维生素D的状况。但是老化与其它几种方式的维生素D缺乏有关：首先，皮肤吸收维生素D的能力会随着年龄的增长而降低。其次，您的肾脏功能慢慢变差，无法非常有效地将维生素D从太阳转换成您身体使用的形式。

肤色

皮肤较黑的人维生素D缺乏的风险较高，因为皮肤色素与人体维生素D的含量有直接关系。研究显示，肤色较深的人可能比较浅的人需要照射多达10倍的阳光，才能产生相同数量的维生素D。

体重过重

维生素D是脂溶性的，也就是说，您体内的脂肪是收集和储存它的方式。所以，如果您超重，体内过多的脂肪需要吸收更多数量的维生素D。因此，与体脂百分比较低的人相比，过胖的人需要更多的维生素D。

肠道问题

某些导致脂肪吸收力较低的肠道问题，也会降低您对维生素D的吸收。

您可以在日常饮食中添加一些能补充维生素D的食物。高脂鱼（鲑鱼和鳟鱼）、奶品（乳制品、杏仁奶或豆浆）、酸奶、蛋黄、浓缩橙汁和强化谷物是维生素D的来源。但是，这些食物中的维生素D含量其实都很低。

让您的身体照射足够的阳光来制造维生素D是很困难的。而且，根据您的饮食习惯，日常饮食可能也不会让您获得足量。幸运的是，您可以克服维生素D不足的问题。大多数专家都认为，补充品是增加维生素D的一种聪明又安全的方法。*

点击此处购物

使用USANA维生素D让全年阳光充足

50微克（mcg）可能听起来不多。但USANA维生素D将这个数量的维生素D包装在一小锭片中，就像每天饮用14杯以上的牛奶或4份鲑鱼一样。*

而USANA的维生素D补充品是避免缺乏的很好的选择，因为它是最有用形式的维生素D—胆钙化醇（维生素D3）的非常好的来源。研究显示，D3在提高血液中活性维生素D的浓度方面优于麦角钙化醇（维生素D2）；这也得到了USANA科学家的临床研究所证实。结果显示，服用USANA多种维生素和/或维生素D，有六倍的可能性能让浓度保持在最佳范围内。*

USANA维生素D还可以添加日常饮食中可能缺乏的另一种营养素：维生素K2。它与维生素D配合使用，可以确保体内的钙被适当利用，以支持心血管和骨骼健康。*

每锭含有30微克维生素K2作为甲基萘醌-4（MK-4）和甲基萘醌-7（MK-7）。（「甲基萘醌」加上数字只是描述维生素K分子亚型的一种方式，结构略有不同。）通过提供两种类型的维生素K2，您可以获得与多种饮食相似的益处。

MK-4形式的维生素K来自动物来源，如奶油、肝脏和鸡蛋。您的身体也会自然地从维生素K1（来自绿叶蔬菜）中合成少量的MK-4。

MK-7形式的维生素K来自发酵食品，这些食品在亚洲文化中更受欢迎，例如纳豆—一种日本大豆发酵食品。维生素D中使用的MK-7非常纯净，设计独特，与您在自然界中发现的活性分子相同，这有助于确保持久的功效。*

点击此处购物

细胞健康是维生素D的众多好处之一

您会在USANA的细胞健康类别中找到维生素D，因为您体内的许多组织和细胞都含有维生素D受体，它们都需要维生素D才能正常运作。*

维生素D是独一无二的，因为它会在您体内经历几次不同的转换。首先，25(OH)D是由于皮肤或饮食中的维生素D3与肝脏中的酶发生反应而产生的。这种形式被认为是激素原，也就是激素的前体，在被代谢时会变得活跃。

当您的身体需要时，会将25(OH)D转化为维生素D的活性形式，称为「骨化三醇」（1α,25(OH)2D3）或「羟基维生素D」。（为了简单起见，我们将继续将其称为「维生素D」或「活性维生素D」。）

您的身体严格控制着活性维生素D的循环浓度。但补充品可以帮助确保在需要时将足够的25(OH)D转化为活性形式。您的身体需要很多活性维生素D，因为激素会通过受体位点发送信号，影响许多生物活动。

数十种组织中含有维生素D受体，包括（但不限于）以下细胞：

  • 皮肤
  • 肌肉
  • 甲状腺
  • 大脑和中枢神经系统
  • 肾上腺
  • 结肠
  • 前列腺
  • 乳房

据估计，维生素D还可调节200-300个基因。

维生素D在全身中的影响力很可能是因为它与许多健康结果有关。许多这些协同效应正被积极研究，以确定他们与维生素D缺乏的关联程度。但科学界目前确知，维生素D对许多身体系统有重大影响。研究得最多的是您的骨骼系统。*

点击此处购物

服用维生素D帮助您的骨骼系统保持强壮

当您想到健康的骨骼和牙齿时，您可能会想到钙。众所周知，它是强壮骨架的主要构建元素。但其它营养素同样重要。

维生素D和K是两种营养素，对于减少与因为老化的骨质流失和维持骨骼质量至关重要。因此，您需要在整个生命周期中有足够的量可使用。因为随着年龄增长，保持骨骼强壮和坚固变得尤为重要，可以帮助您站立得稳。*

维生素D的作用是帮助肠道吸收钙和磷，维生素K也有助于在体内钙的适当使用，并通过帮助激活骨钙素来实现这一目标，而骨钙素是一种会从血液中提取钙之后与骨骼结合的激素。*

阳光维生素不仅可以将钙带入骨骼，也负责启动将矿物质从骨骼中移出的过程，尤其是在饮食中缺少钙，而您的身体需要钙质的时候。*

除骨骼健康外，维生素D缺乏与关节虚弱或关节活动受限有关。强烈运动后的肌肉恢复也被证明可以从维生素D中获益。因此，USANA维生素D中的营养素也可以保持健康的肌肉和关节功能，以获得完整的躯体支撑力。*

点击此处购物

维生素K2保护您的心血管健康

一些研究认为足量浓度的维生素D与心脏健康有关。但是USANA维生素D中的维生素K2也会在您心脏喜爱的另一项重要功能中发挥作用，它会活化基质Gla蛋白（MGA）基因。产生MGA蛋白质是必要的，因为它就像一个「此路不通」的标志。当骨钙素激素将钙结合到您的骨骼中时，MGA蛋白质会将这种激素引导远离您不希望它进入的地方—软组织。这有助于维持健康正常的血管血流，使维生素K成为维持心血管健康的关键。*

维生素K2也与健康的内皮功能有关，这对心血管健康也很重要。*

点击此处购物

维生素D是您免疫力的关键

从漫长的夏日到短暂的冬夜，您的生活永远不会放缓，而您的免疫系统也是如此。USANA维生素D可以帮助您保持健康，让您无论在什么季节都可以维持正常生活。

维生素D维持健康、平衡的免疫系统。它可以在整个身体中起作用，保持健康的功能，包括一些您考虑免疫力时可能不会想到的地方，比如您的皮肤。维生素D在免疫功能中发挥的关键作用是调节和分化免疫系统细胞；换句话说，它有助于创造特定功能的免疫细胞。*

维生素D也有助于通过细胞通讯控制免疫反应。在大多数类型的免疫细胞中都发现了维生素D的受体。当维生素D与细胞受体结合时，会发送信号给可以帮助您保持健康的各种自然反应。有时，这些反应可能包括开始生产更活跃的维生素D，以便在需要的时间和部位增加浓度。*

点击此处购物

您需要多少维生素D？

冬天补充维生素D非常重要，因为您在室内的时间最多，从头到脚都会被遮盖着。但即使冬天已经过去，也并不意味着您身体的需求会变少。事实上，研究显示，大多数人在夏天没有像他们想象的那样从阳光照射中得到够多的维生素D。因此，USANA维生素D补充品中含有高浓度的维生素D，有助于防止全年性的缺乏。*

对于维生素D的建议，许多专家认为目前的每日建议摄入量（DRI）明显不符合科学。食品和营养委员会对大多数成年人设定的每日建议摄入量仅15微克（600 IU）。然而大部分时候，我们都需要更高的量才能达到骨化二醇的最佳浓度（40-60纳克/毫升）。*

在USANA进行的一项内部研究发现，需要补充高达5,000 IU的维生素D3才能达到最佳浓度。这大约是每天125微克，这也符合维生素D委员会的建议。*

维生素D不足的征兆

了解体内维生素D状态的唯一方法是进行维生素D检测。但是，如果您想知道维生素D含量低的时候会有什么状况，这里有几个需要注意的迹象：

感觉沮丧

事实证明，当您缺乏维生素D时，您的情绪会受到严重影响。这是因为当您暴晒在阳光或强光下时，您的大脑会产生一种影响情绪的激素：5-羟色胺。

骨头与关节酸痛

那些在不知不觉中缺乏维生素D的人可能会抱怨腰痛，这可能与骨骼虚弱有关。体内维生素D浓度低的人可能无法有效吸收钙和磷，这反过来又会影响骨骼质量。

肌肉痉挛、疼痛或虚弱、疲劳、脱发也归因于维生素D浓度低。如果您有上述任何症状，请咨询医生并要求检查体内维生素D的浓度。

这就是为什么USANA的维生素D被设计来补充其它USANA补充品，包括细胞基本营养素、活力钙镁D片和活力奥米加，这是每天获得50微克（2,000 IU）维生素D3的简单方法。将这些USANA产品一起使用应该可以使大多数健康成人达到理想标准，并获得维生素D补充品的真正健康益处。

此外，每天服用细胞基本营养素和维生素D补充品，您将获得总共570微克的维生素K，其中还含有90微克的维生素K2。（抗氧化维生素中含有480 mcg的维生素K1，除了骨骼健康外还能支持血液凝固）。*

点击此处购物

主要成份

  • 维生素D3
  • 维生素K2

查看完整的成份表

使用法

每天服用一锭，建议随餐服用。

请将本品放在儿童接触不到的地方。如果您怀孕、哺乳、服用处方药或有健康问题，请咨询您的医生。如果您超过维生素D摄入量上限（UL）100微克（4,000 IU/每天），建议定期进行维生素D和钙状态的血液检测。

适用于

  • 健康的成年人
  • 超重或肥胖（更容易缺乏维生素D）的成年人
  • 经常涂抹防晒霜的人，或大部分时间呆在室内的人
  • Kosher犹太洁食认证（美国配方）

关于USANA维生素D的常见问题

USANA只能建议您服用时请按照建议的份量和产品卷标上列出的其它适用说明。如果您觉得需要更多维生素D，请咨询您的医疗保健专业人士。

USANA的维生素D产品在卷标上提供以下警告：

「请将本品放在儿童接触不到的地方。如果您怀孕、哺乳、服用处方药或有健康问题，请咨询您的医生。如果您超过维生素D摄入量上限（UL）100微克（4,000 IU/每天），建议定期进行维生素D和钙状态的血液检测。」

除了标准的膳食补充品警告之外，关于血液检查的警告是作为预防措施而增加的一般警告。临床记录中，从未有低于30,000 IU维生素D而中毒的病例。然而，维生素D的官方上限目前设定为每天100微克（4,000 IU），作为一家公司，我们认为我们有责任提高客户的意识和信息。

遗憾的是，有许多人可能会在不考虑过量的情况下服用膳食补充品，或者可能不想遵循标签说明。我们已经加上额外的警告，因为虽然维生素D缺乏症很普遍，但维生素D产品不应该在不考虑安全性的情况下服用。

如果有人担心安全问题，或经常暴晒在异常大量的阳光下，或者想要完全确定他们的维生素D血液浓度，那么我们建议在服用大量补充维生素D之前，先检查体内维生素D的含量。

维生素D补充剂确实有可能与某些类型的药物（包括类固醇和降胆固醇药物）相互作用。服用药物者应在使用维生素D补充品前与医疗服务提供商讨论。

1微克（μg）维生素D = 40 IU维生素D

例如，50微克维生素D = 2,000 IU维生素D

Ginde A, Liu M, Camargo Jr. C. 2009. Demographic Differences and Trends of Vitamin D Insufficiency in the US Population, 1988-2004. Arch Intern Med. 169(6):626–632.

Looker AC, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status of the US population: 1988- 1994 compared with 2000-2004. 2008. AJCN 88(6):1519-1527.

Bodnar LM, Simhan HN, Powers RW, Frank MP, Cooperstein E, Roberts JM. High Prevalence of Vitamin D Insufficiency in Black and White Pregnant Women Residing in the Northern United States and Their Neonates. 2007. J Nutr 137:447-452.

Nair R, Maseeh A. 2012. Vitamin D: The “sunshine” vitamin. J Pharmacol Pharmacother 3(2): 118-126.

Sadat-Ali M, et al. 2018. Correlation of symptoms to serum vitamin D levels? Clin Nutr ESPEN 24: 31-34.

Ju SY, Lee YJ, Jeong SN. 2013. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and the risk of depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Nutr Health Aging 17(5): 447-55.

Erkal MZ, et al. 2006. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, secondary hyperparathyroidism and generalized bone pain in Turkish immigrants in Germany: identification of risk factors. Osteoporos Int 17(8): 1133-40.

Vitamin D Council. https://www.vitamindcouncil.org/about-vitamin-d/how-do-i-get-the-vitamin-d-my-body-needs/

Oliveri B, et al. 2015. Vitamin D3 seems more appropriate than D2 to sustain adequate levels of 25OHD: a pharmacokinetic approach. Eur J Clin Nutr 69(6): 797-702.

Tripkovic L, et al. 2012. Comparison of vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 supplementation in raising serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 95(6): 1357-1364.

Shea MK, et al 2008. Vitamin K and Vitamin D Status: Associations with Inflammatory Markers in the Framingham Offspring Study. Am J Epidemiol 167(3): 313-20.

Binkley N, et al. 2007. Low Vitamin D Status despite Abundant Sun Exposure. J Clin Endroclinol Metab 92(6): 2130-5.

Norman A. 2008. From vitamin D to hormone D: fundamentals of the vitamin D endocrine system essential for good health. Am Jour Clin Nutr 88(2): 491S-499S.

DeLuca HF. Overview of general physiologic features and functions of vitamin D. 2004. Am J Clin Nutr 80(6 Suppl):1689S-1696S.

Holick MF, et al. 2011. Evaluation, Treatment, and Prevention of Vitamin D Deficiency: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endorcrinol 96(7): 1911-30.

Vitamin D (Calcitriol). Vivo Pathophysiology [Internet] [accessed 25 July 2018] Available at http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/otherendo/vitamind.html

Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Willett WC, Wong JB, Giovannucci E, Dietrich T, Dawson-Hughes B. Fracture prevention with vitamin D supplementation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. 2005. JAMA 293(18):2257-2264.

Feskanich D, Willett WC, Colditz GA. Calcium, vitamin D, milk consumption, and hip fractures: a prospective study among postmenopausal women. 2003. Am J Clin Nutr 77(2):504-511.

Holick MF. Vitamin D: importance in the prevention of cancers, type 1 diabetes, heart disease, and osteoporosis. 2004. Am J Clin Nutr 79(3):362-371.

Papadimitropoulos E, et al. Meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. VIII: Meta-analysis of the efficacy of vitamin D treatment in preventing osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. 2002. Endocr Rev 23(4):560-9.

Knapen MH, et al. 2013. Three-year low-dose menaquinone-7 supplementation helps decrease bone loss in healthy postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int 24(9): 2499-507.

Bolton-Smith C, et al. 2007. Two-year randomized controlled trial of vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) and vitamin D3 plus calcium on the bone health of older women. J Bone Miner Res 22(4): 509-19.

Palermo A, et al. 2017. Vitamin K and osteoporosis: Myth or reality? Metabolism 70: 57-71.

Janssen HC, Samson MM, Verhaar HJ. 2002. Vitamin D deficiency, muscle function, and falls in elderly people. Am J Clin Nutr 75(4): 611-5.

Wimalawansa SJ. 2012. Vitamin D in the new millennium. Curr Osteoporos Rep 10(1): 4-15.

Close GL, et al. 2013. Assessment of vitamin D concentration in non-supplemented professional athletes and healthy adults during the winter months in the UK: implications for skeletal muscle function. J Sports Sci 31(4): 344-53.

Manoy P, et al. 2017. Vitamin D Supplementation Improves Quality of Life and Physical Performance in Osteoarthritis Patients. Nutrients 9(8): pii: E799.

Apaydin M, et al. 2018. The effects of single high-dose or daily low-dosage oral colecalciferol [sic] treatment on vitamin D levels and muscle strength in postmenopausal women. BMC Endocr Disord 18(1): 48.

Zhang FF, et al. 2014. Vitamin D Deficiency Is Associated with Progression of Knee Osteoarthritis. J Nutr 144(12): 2002-2008.

Jamil NA, et al. 2017. The relationship between vitamin D status and muscle strength in young healthy adults from sunny climate countries currently living in the northeast of Scotland. Osteoporos Int 28(4): 1433-1443.

Maresz K. 2015. Proper Calcium Use: Vitamin K2 as a Promoter of Bone and Cardiovascular Health. Integr Med (Encinitas). 14(1): 34-9.

Barker T, et al. 2013. Higher serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations associate with a faster recovery of skeletal muscle strength after muscular injury. Nutrition & Metabolism 10: 1-10.

Gröber U, Reichrath J, Holick MF, Kisters K. 2014. Vitamin K: an old vitamin in a new perspective. Dermatoendocrinol 6(1): e968490.

Edfeldt K, et al. 2010. T-cell cytokines differentially control human monocyte antimicrobial responses by regulating vitamin D metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107(52): 22593-8.

Aranow C. 2011. Vitamin D and the immune system. J Investig Med 59(6): 881-6.

Misra D, et al. 2013. Vitamin K Deficiency Is Associated with Incident Knee Osteoarthritis. Am J Med 126(3): 243-248.

Shea MK, et al. 2015. The association between vitamin K status and knee osteoarthritis features in older adults: The Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 23(3): 370-378.

Mostafa W, Hegazy R. 2015. Vitamin D and the skin: focus on a complex relationship: a review. J Adv Res 6(6): 793-804.

Ghai B, et al. 2015. High prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in Indian chronic low back patients. Pain Physicial 18(5): E853-62.

e Silva AV, et al. 2103. Association of back pain with hypovitaminosis D in postmenopausal women with low bone mass. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 14: 184.

您可能也有兴趣阅读

免疫系统：您身体的护卫

健康而功能正常的免疫系统是一具复杂的机器，它包括许多层次、子系统、组织、器官、和过程。

阅读更多

骨骼健康：认识骨骼

您的骨骼剖析使您的骨骼比您的身体框架还重要。了解您的骨骼系统以及如何支持您的骨骼健康。

阅读更多

从A到K：完整的维生素指南

介绍维生素的基本知识以及它们如何帮助您的健康。了解更多有关您身体所需维生素的信息。

阅读更多

*这些内容未经美国食品暨药物管理局的审阅。本产品不用于诊断、治疗、医治或预防任何疾病。

服用USANA灵芝菌丝体精华，让您即使在压力下也能保持最佳状态

USANA®灵芝菌丝体精华®

采用USANA®InCelligence採用USANA®InCelligence技术®制成的独特免疫调节补充品，能支持日常活力并减少轻度压力的影响。*

工作或上学总是有层出不穷迫在眉睫的各种期限要赶；激烈的运动、家庭的责任，每一天，您的身心都面临着大大小小的挑战。保持最佳身体状态对于克服挑战和实现生活目标至关重要。但是，有时日常需求就让您感觉疲惫，因为您的免疫系统无法跟上。如果您正在寻找保持活力的方法，即使在感受压力的当下，USANA灵芝菌丝体精华都可以提供帮助。*

USANA灵芝菌丝体精华利用USANA InCelligence技术的强大功能来帮助您的免疫系统适应并满足您的独特需求。因此，它以两种重要方式增强幸福感：

  • 支持强壮、健康的免疫反应*
  • 即使在偶发的压力下，也能保持全身的健康和活力*

USANA灵芝菌丝体精华的独特配方结合了古老的智慧和现代科学，支持您身体的天然抵抗力。*

几千年来，传统的东方文化一直使用菇类来支持能量和健康。灵芝菌丝体精华提供富含抗氧化剂的有机菇类和灵芝菌丝体粉末，以及独特的面包酵母萃取物。这些强大的成份在InCelligence β-葡聚醣复方中协同作用，触发您的免疫细胞有效支持健康的能力。这是保持最佳状态的完美日常解决方案，即使在面临挑战时。*

点击此处购物

有坚韧的免疫系统才能保持健康

健康的免疫系统是保持活力的关键，因为它有助于保持身体健康状况良好。免疫系统很复杂，由许多生物结构和机制组成，能感知各种外来压力因素，将它们与身体自身的健康组织区分开来，并加以防御。*

您的免疫系统非常善于为您保持健康，并且能保护您免受环境的侵害（尽管免疫力随着年龄的增长而变弱），但是许多日常事件还是偶尔会对您的免疫系统施加轻微的压力。*

偶尔有些生理压力，如睡眠过少、暴露于过度污染、吃不健康的食物，或者没有在户外度过足够的时间；运动太少，或者相反地，运动过于频繁或过于强烈等，也可能影响您的免疫功能。*

常见的精神或情绪压力也会影响您的免疫系统。行程太紧凑、工作或学校压力、照顾生病或老年的家庭成员，这些都是会造成伤害的压力。即使只是很简单的，例如悲观的世界观，或者经常感到悲伤、焦虑或愤怒的倾向，也可能对您的免疫系统造成一些压力。*

要维持免疫力，您可以按照妈妈的建议：经常洗手、过健康的生活方式，包括多吃水果和蔬菜。但如果您想采取额外措施来保持日常健康和活力，则可以使用营养策略来支持您的免疫系统*：

  1. 在健康饮食中加入多种维生素和矿物质补充品，以确保您的身体拥有支持全身健康和产生免疫细胞所需的所有必要维生素和矿物质。这包括维生素C和D等营养素以及锌。试试USANA健康套装或细胞基本营养素。您还可以考虑使用葡萄籽精华C或补适得C600来获得更多的维生素C。您或许还想多加点维生素D—大部分人都需要更多的量。*
  2. 服用奥米加-3脂肪酸来维持健康免疫细胞的细胞膜，帮助支持这些细胞的健康功能。您可以试试活力奥米加。*
  3. 用益生元（喂养体内健康的细菌）维持健康的肠道屏障，或用益生菌补充品添加额外的好菌支持。请试试USANA益生菌。*

您可以服用支持强壮免疫反应的补充品，进一步提升您的免疫保健。*

标靶性的营养素可以激发您的免疫细胞对抗日常压力以及保护健康的能力。USANA灵芝菌丝体精华采用这些标靶性营养素的独特混合配方，有助于支持身体天然的强大抵抗力。*

点击此处购物

使用灵芝菌丝体精华为您的免疫细胞提供自我防卫的黑带武术高手

说到保护您的健康，免疫反应越快越好。灵芝菌丝体精华的免疫保健能力来自锌，加上独特的InCelligence β-葡聚醣复方。锌（一种支持免疫的矿物质）能促进细胞通讯，以加强USANA InCelligence技术的效果。β-葡聚醣的混合物则运用细胞信号传输的力量，触发免疫细胞的天然保护反应。*

您的免疫细胞能够感应环境中正在发生的事情。当特定化合物或分子与特定受体结合时，它们就会起作用。这个过程会发送需要响应的信息；对某些免疫细胞来说，一种以上的化合物必须与一种以上的受体结合才能发送信息。*

用一个简单的例子来说，假设某些类型的免疫细胞的功能，就像是需要两个钥匙才能打开的锁。灵芝菌丝体精华就像是其中一把钥匙。灵芝菌丝体精华中的营养成份具有独特的结构，可与免疫细胞上的一种受体结合，然后发出信号，告诉免疫细胞应该准备好采取行动，让它处于高度警戒状态，准备迅速反应，等待第二把钥匙来解锁反应。细菌、异物和受损细胞都可能会是这第二把钥匙。*

启动免疫细胞后，您基本上把它们变成了自我防卫的高手。灵芝菌丝体精华会使许多免疫系统的巨噬细胞、嗜中性白血球和自然杀手细胞（这些都是具有不同功能的不同免疫细胞）处于高度警戒状态，以支持强大的免疫反应。细胞能够在需要时快速行动，帮助保持身体健康。*

点击此处购物

古代智慧与现代科学相结合，为β-葡聚醣提供更好的来源

灵芝菌丝体精华的细胞活化能力来自顶级品质的β-葡聚醣。这些分子是天然存在的多醣—单醣的碳水化合物链；它们有许多来源，包括真菌和酵母。*

大多数β-葡聚醣补充品仅含有来自单一来源的活性成份；灵芝菌丝体精华则来自两种不同来源的β-葡聚醣，提供更全面的效果：菇类和面包酵母。

*灵芝和香菇自远古文化就一直被用来滋补人体的健康和活力。它们通过支持免疫系统而被认为有助于补气—您的所谓的循环生命力，这是东方哲学的基础。*

菇类固然很好吃，但不幸的是，您每天只吃自己喜欢的菇类是无法获得一样的好处的。灵芝菌丝体精华中使用的有机全蕈菇粉末来自纯基因菌株。这些菇类是在美国以糙米和富含抗氧化剂的紫玉米为底而栽培的。这种专有工艺可确保其浓缩粉末富含菇类中的活性化合物，以获得最佳效果。*

您可能听到「面包酵母」就会联想到一种美味的食物：面包。但灵芝菌丝体精华中面包酵母的菌株并不是常用于烘焙的酵母。它经过科学设计，可提供最大活性的β-葡聚醣，为免疫健康提供最好的支持。（这是一种β1,3/1,6葡聚醣，数字代表其结构；分子量或结构的差异决定了生物活性。）灵芝菌丝体精华中的β-葡聚醣是从高度纯化的有机啤酒酵母（最常见的酵母种类之一）菌株中的细胞壁所萃取的。*

临床研究显示，这种创新的面包酵母β-葡聚醣能为免疫力和日常健康提供卓越的支持，而且它似乎对维持上呼吸道健康特别有益。*

 点击此处购物

对抗偶发压力的影响来保持平静和如常作息

如上所述，身体和心理压力会影响免疫功能。灵芝菌丝体精华采用精选的成份配制而成，即使在压力期间也能保持强大的免疫健康。*

灵芝提供抗氧化活性，也被认为是一种适应原，是帮助您的身体适应压力的一种草药。传统上，它被用来保持平衡和平静。*

许多研究发现，灵芝菌丝体精华中的面包酵母可以帮助维持成年男性和女性在中度压力下的健康。在这些研究期间也观察到使用这些营养补充品也能持续维持呼吸系统健康、活力和全身健康，以及和能量水平；且就算在轻微压力下，也能保持平静和神智清晰。*

运动对于您的日常健康和长期保健都非常有益。但是，剧烈的运动可能在您恢复体力时，会对您的免疫力和活力造成暂时的压力。如果突破自己的个人最佳纪录是您跑步（或任何其它运动）的目标之一，那么灵芝菌丝体精华可以帮助您的免疫系统保持最佳健康状态。针对马拉松运动员的研究发现，一般的β-葡聚醣补充品可以支持健康的免疫反应，有助于在比赛之后保持健康、体力和平衡的情绪。*

点击此处购物

主要成份

  • 面包酵母萃取物
  • 灵芝
  • 香菇
  • 锌

查看完整成份表

使用法

每天服用两（2）锭，最好随餐服用。

适用对象

  • 健康的成年人
  • 运动员
  • 偶尔会面临高度压力的人士

如果您患有自体免疫性疾病、免疫系统疾病、或者您正在服用免疫抑制剂，请在使用本产品前咨询您的医生。如果您正怀孕、哺乳、服用处方药或有其它健康问题，请咨询您的医生。

关于灵芝菌丝体精华的常见问题解答

灵芝菌丝体精华仅适合18岁及以上的健康成年人服用。除非在医疗专业人员的监督下，否则不建议儿童使用灵芝菌丝体精华。

任何患有自体免疫性疾病的人士在服用灵芝菌丝体精华之前都应咨询医生。USANA没有临床数据支持自体免疫性疾病患者服用灵芝菌丝体精华后的安全性或有效性。此外，正在服用其它药物的人士在使用前也应咨询医生。

灵芝菌丝体精华可以帮助身体补充元气，抵抗外来病原体。因此，必须在您营养补充中持续服用。对已经生病的人，预期应无法提供任何好处。

在怀孕和哺乳期间，使用灵芝菌丝体精华之前应与医疗保健专业人员讨论。因为它所含的成份缺乏足够的安全数据，所以USANA不推荐您在怀孕期间服用。

灵芝菌丝体精华是通过一种称为「触发」的独特机制来运作；一旦免疫细胞被触发，就可以更好地支持您身体中天然的免疫反应。至于其它成份则是通过完全不同的机制起作用，由于这些成份的不同机制及其潜在的积极相互作用，将灵芝菌丝体精华加到这些成份中，可能会进一步支持健康的免疫系统。

灵芝菌丝体精华可以每天服用，而补适得C600则适合在您的免疫系统需要额外提升时使用。

灵芝菌丝体精华中的活性成份包括香菇、酵母萃取物和锌，以帮助支持健康的免疫系统。它的科学设计是每天服用的。

补适得C600中的活性成份包括维生素C、锌、黑接骨木和紫锥花。紫锥花和接骨木长期以来都因对免疫系统有益而被人使用。在短期服用时，紫锥花被证明能够自然地支持健康的免疫系统。然而，补适得C600通常建议仅在短期服用，例如两周或更短时间。

有两个主要原因。首先是效用。从重量来看，酵母和香菇的体积往往非常庞大。每天持续摄取足量的酵母和香菇，以达到显示具有健康益处的β-葡聚醣的剂量，是非常困难的。服用灵芝菌丝体精华中的浓缩和标准化成份，有助于确保您获得正确剂量的β-葡聚醣，帮助您保持最佳健康状况。

Schultz KT, Grieder F. 1987. Structure and function of the immune system. Toxicol Pathol 15(3): 262-4.

Romero-Martinez A, Moya-Aibiol L. 2017. Stress-Induced Endocrine and Immune Dysfunctions in Caregivers of People with Eating Disorders. Int J Environ Res Public Health 14(12). pii: E1560.

Siegrist J, Li J. 2017. Work Stress and Altered Biomarkers: A Synthesis of Findings Based on the Effort–Reward Imbalance Model. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 14(11): 1373.

Keaney LC, Kilding AE, Merien F, Dulson DK. 2018. The impact of sport related stressors on immunity and illness risk in team-sport athletes. J Sci Med Sport. pii: S1440-2440(18)30148-8.

Kiecolt-Glaser JK, et al. 1996. Chronic stress alters the immune response to influenza virus vaccine in older adults. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 93(7): 3043-7.

Cohen S, Tyrell DA, Smith AP. 1991. Psychological stress and susceptibility to the common cold. N Engl J Med 325(9): 606-12.  

Cohen S. 2003. Emotional style and susceptibility to the common cold. Psychosom Med 65(4): 652-7.

Godbout J, Glaser R. 2006. Stress-Induced Immune Dysregulation: Implications for Wound Healing, Infectious Disease and Cancer. Jour Neuroimm Pharma 1(4): 421-427.

Carr A, Maggini S. 2017. Vitamin C and immune Function. Nutrients 9)11): 1211.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5707683/

Aranow C. 2011. Vitamin D and the immune system. J Investig Med 59(6): 881-6.

Haase H, Rink L. 2014. Zinc signals and immune function. Biofactors 40)1): 27-40.

Jandhyala SM, et al. 2015. Role of the normal gut microbiota. World J Gastroenterol 21(29): 8787-8803.

Kiecolt-Glaser J, Glaser R, Christian L. 2014. Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Stress-Induced Immune Dysregulation: Implications for Wound Healing. Mil Med 179(11,0): 129-133.

Huang, W. (2013). The zinc-binding region of IL-2 inducible T cell kinase (Itk) is required for interaction with G-alpha-13 and activation of serum response factor. International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology. Volume 45 (6); 1074-1082.

Miyai, T. 2014. Zinc transporter SLC39A10/ZIP10 facilitates antiapoptotic signaling during early B-cell development. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Volume 111 (32); 11780-11785.

Bashir KMI, Choi J. 2017. Clinical and Physiological Perspectives of β-Glucans: The Past, Present, and Future. Int J Mol Sci 18(9): 1906.

Wagner C, et al. 2001. The complement receptor 3, CR3 (CD11b/CD18), on T lymphocytes: activation-dependent up-regulation and regulatory function. Eur J Immunol 31(4): 1173-80.

Ross GD, et al. 1987. Specificity of membrane complement receptor type three (CR3) for beta-glucans. Complement 4(2): 61-74.

Kim HS, Hong JT, Kim Y, Han S. 2011. Stimulatory Effect of β-glucans on Immune Cells

 Immune Netw 11(4): 191-195.

Vetvicka V, Thornton BP, Ross GD. 1996. Soluble beta-glucan polysaccharide binding to the lectin site of neutrophil or NK cell complement receptor type 3 (CD11b/CD18) generates a primed state of the receptor capable of mediating cytotoxicity of iC3b-opsonized target cells. J. Clin. Invest. 98:50.

Noris M, Remuzzi G. 2013. Overview of Complement Activation and Regulation. Semin Nephrol 33(6): 479-492.

Brown G, et al. 2003. Dectin-1 Mediates the Biological Effects of β-Glucans. J Exp Med 197(9): 1119-1124.

Brown G, Williams D. 2009. Chapter 4.5.2 – (1,3)-β-Glucans in Innate Immunity: Mammalian Systems. 579-619.

Wachtel-Galor S, Yuen J, Buswell J, Benzie I. 2011. Chapter 9 Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi or Reishi). Herb Med: Biomol Clin Asp [Internet] [accessed 16 July 2018] Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92757/

Lee K, et al. 2012. Recent progress of research on medicinal mushrooms, foods, and other herbal products used in traditional Chinese medicine. J Tradit Complement Med 2(2): 84-95.

Xu ZT, et al. 2011.. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides: immunomodulation and potential anti-tumor activities. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 39:15–27. 

Wasser SP. 2002. Medicinal mushrooms as a source of antitumor and immunomodulating polysaccharides. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 60(3): 258-74.

Dai X, et al. 2015. Consuming Lentinula edodes (shiitake) mushrooms daily improves human immunity: a randomized dietary intervention in healthy young adults. J Am Coll Nutr 34(6): 478-87.

Wang WJ. 2015. Mushroom Beta-Glucan May Immunomodulate the Tumor-Associated Macrophages in the Lewis Lung Carcinoma. Biomed Research International. Volume 2015, article ID 604385; 15 pages.

Wellmune. 2009. Randomized Phase II Clinical Trials of Wellmune WGP for Immune Support During Cold and Flu Season. Journal of Applied Research. Volume 9; 20-42.

Boh B. 2013. Ganoderma lucidum: A Potential for Biotechnological Production of Anti-Cancer and Immunomodulatory Drugs. Recent Patents on Anti-Cancer Drug Discovery. Volume 8 (3); 255-287.

Xu X. 2015. Lentinula edodes-derived polysaccharide enhances systemic and mucosal immunity by spatial modulation of intestinal gene expression in mice. Food and Function. Volume 2015 (6); 2068-2080

Richter J, et al. 2014. Clinical trials of yeast-derived β-(1,3) glucan in children: effects on innate immunity. Ann Transl Med 2(2): 15.

Fuller R, et al. 2017. Yeast-derived β-1,3/1,6 glucan, upper respiratory tract infection and innate immunity in older adults. Nutrition 39-40: 30-35.

Powell M. 2006. The use of Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi) in the management of histamine-mediated allergic responses. Townsend Letter: The Examiner of Alternative Medicine. May: 78+

Talbott S, Talbott J. 2012. Baker’s yeast beta-glucan supplement reduces upper respiratory symptoms and improves mood state in stressed women. J Am Coll Nutr 31(4): 295-300.

Talbott S. 2010. Beta 1,3/1,6 glucan decreases upper respiratory tract infection symptoms and improves psychological well-being in moderate to highly-stressed subjects. Agro Food Ind Hi Tech 21(1): 21-24.

Talbott S, Talbott J. 2009. Effect of BETA 1, 3/1, 6 GLUCAN on Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Symptoms and Mood State in Marathon Athletes. J Sports Sci Med 8(4): 509-515.

Blocher J, et a. 2013. Chapter 32 – Nutritional Interventions to Reduce Immune Suppression Post Marathon. Nutrition and Enhanced Sports Performance [Internet] [accessed 9 July 2018] Available at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123964540000321

Wachtel-Galor S, Szeto YT, Tomlinson B, Benzie IF. 2004. Ganoderma lucidum (‘Lingzhi’); acute and short-term biomarker response to supplementation. Int J Food Sci Nutr 55(1): 75-83.

您可能也有兴趣阅读

免疫系统：您身体的护卫

健康、功能性的免疫系统是一台复杂的机器。它包含许多层、小系统、组织、器官和作用过程。

阅读更多

免疫系统的奥秘：免疫健康的无名英雄

保卫您的身体是一项重要的工作。但不仅仅是白血球和抗体在工作。您的免疫系统结构很复杂。一起来了解免疫系统的奥秘。

阅读更多

stress affects your weight

压力如何影响您的体重

压力会影响您的身心健康。通过皮质醇、胰岛素和脂肪储存的变化，了解压力如何影响您的体重。

阅读更多

*这些内容未经美国食品暨药物管理局的审阅。本产品不用于诊断、治疗、医治或预防任何疾病。

cell signaling

每天的每一分钟，身体都在完成复杂的任务。不论是维持体温，还是让您的手远离火炉，您的数兆个细胞都在进行所有需要的沟通，来帮助您运作。这种有效且高效率的沟通形式，就是所谓的细胞信号传输过程。

传送和接收这些信息所需的网络很复杂。这是由一支信使分子军队组成，跨细胞和在细胞之间传输信号（传讯分子）。它们寻找接收信号的目标（受体），最后，信使和受体相互作用，使细胞产生了最终的结果（细胞对原始信号做出回应）。

细胞信号传输分子有多种形式。有时信号传输发生在细胞本身的内部。其他情况则是细胞传送讯息给邻近或其他距离较远的细胞。这些信号可以是：

  • 化合物（例如：营养素和毒素）
  • 电脉冲（例如：诱导沿着神经的电信号的神经递质）
  • 机械性刺激（例如：胃撑开表示您吃饱了）

化学信号传输

化学信号传输方法一般有四种。它们是以每个信号在传送和接收细胞之间行进的距离分类的。

  1. 自分泌传讯：当细胞传送信号给自己时，它们是这么做的。在自分泌传讯中，细胞释放一个化学信号跟它自己表面的受体结合。这种方法看起来可能有点奇怪，但自分泌传讯有其重要性。它帮助细胞保持完整性并正确地分裂。这在发育过程中相当重要，有助于细胞强化它们的特性。
  2. 旁分泌传讯：这发生在跨越短距离的两个细胞之间。此种沟通方式让细胞与其近邻彼此协调运转和作用。有一个例子称为突触传讯，那是在两个神经元之间的微小间隙间发生信号传输。这个间隙又称为突触，您也可以称之为神经递质。它们把讯息从神经元传到神经元，来帮助我们的大脑和中枢神经系统协同运作。
  3. 内分泌传讯：要跨越长距离传送讯息，细胞就会用这种方法。内分泌信号经由血流行进到标靶组织和细胞；而源自身体的一部分并经由血流行进到其标靶的信号，就称为激素。生长激素（GH）就是一个很好的例子。脑垂腺释放这种激素，来刺激细胞、软骨、和骨骼的生长。在这个内分泌传讯的例子中，生长激素离开脑垂腺并经由血流行进到全身的细胞，然后这些激素指示您的骨骼和软骨细胞进行分裂，以帮助您长得更高更壮。
  4. 直接接触传讯：隙型连结（连接邻近细胞的微小通道）存在于植物和动物之中。这些隙型连结充满了水，让小的传讯分子可以穿越通道，这就是直接接触的细胞信号传输。它让整群细胞对仅由一个细胞接收到的信号做出回应。

电气性和机械性信号传输

化学信号传输并不是您身体唯一的沟通形式。许多细胞对电气性或机械性信号也有反应。其中两个众所周知的例子就是调节心跳（电气性）或运动（机械性）后的信息传递可使肌肉生长。

心脏由四个空腔组成。两个供应血液到肺部，而其他两个则输送血液到身体其余部分。如此分工表示心脏不会同时一起跳动。心跳不像在弯二头肌那样，而比较像一波一波的海浪。这种界线非常分明的跳动模式，是通过电信号启动和同步进行的。

肌细胞中的机械性信号（想象实体形状的改变）能促进它们的生长和强度增加。当肌细胞被拉伸（或变形或受损）时，钙离子就会流入肌细胞。这种钙离子的融入就是媒介，把机械性信号转变成化学信号。钙离子的存在表示肌肉内部有许多细胞信号传输路径，包括负责肌肉生长的激素。

您的两个感官—触觉和听觉是机械性信号的其他例子。您的皮肤感觉细胞回应触摸的压力，内耳和大脑中的感觉细胞则对声波的传动产生反应。

无论是化学、电气性、或机械性，这些过程都有一个相似的目标。人体发展了许多机制来感知、反应、和适应内在和外在的环境。

细胞如何识别和回应信号

称为受体的大蛋白帮助细胞识别传给它们的信号。受体可以位于细胞的内部和外部，或锚定在细胞膜上。当特定分子与其特定受体结合时，就发生信号传输。您看，这是非常具体的过程，就像锁和钥匙的工作方式一样。

受体有两类：即细胞内受体和细胞表面受体。位置很重要，所以您大概可以猜到它们是如何取名的。

细胞内受体位于细胞内部。信号分子必须穿过细胞膜中的孔，才能到达这类的受体并产生反应。

细胞表面受体较容易触及。这些受体蛋白嵌入在细胞膜内。它们在细胞外部与信号分子相结合，但最终却将在内部传递讯息。

信号是在细胞内部或外部接收并不重要。一旦信号分子被正确结合到正确的受体蛋白时，它就会在细胞内部启动细胞信号传输。

这些细胞内信号传输路径会将信息放大，为每个结合的受体产生多个细胞内信号。放大的信号随后传播到整个细胞并引发回应。这不是一次只发生一个，细胞能同时接收并回应多个信号。

细胞信号传输对维持健康的作用

细胞信号传输的目的是回应和适应您的内部和外部环境。由于它们有助于您身体的调整，所以正常运作的细胞信号传输路径对维持和增进健康相当重要。因此当细胞信号传输路径运作良好时，您身体就能顺利运行。

而内部和外部环境都会影响您的细胞，那是因为您的细胞其实只是化学反应的「容器」，它们需要具体条件才会有所反应。

这包括适当的温度、pH值、和能量状态，您的细胞需要感知到这些条件。如果这三个因素中的任何一个，发生了超过其所能允许的非常小范围的变化，那么所有的生物化学作用都会停止。那时就会发生严重问题。

例如，我们的正常体温是37°C（98.6°F）。只要有仅仅+/- 3°C（+/- 5°F）的变化就可以危及生命。体温最低可以设定在35°C（95°F）。如果我们的体温因为脱水、接触到极端热度、或发烧而升高到仅仅40°C（104 °F），同样会发生危及生命的情况。

您身体的pH值也同样受到严格限制。我们的正常pH值是7.4，如果低于6.8或高于7.8，随即会发生不可逆的细胞损伤。

您需要大量的能量来让身体运行，这就是为什么能量的调节很重要。就像上面提到的温度和pH值一样，您的身体会非常严格地调节它的能量平衡。通过细胞信号传输路径（有一些直接与麸胱甘肽相关），我们的细胞就有能力根据需要而提高或降低能量的产生。如果能量平衡脱离它非常严格的正常范围，细胞功能就会严重受损。

排毒是信号传输有助于细胞维护的另一个例子。无论是不经意地从我们的饮食和环境，或是因为饮酒或服用药物，您都会经常接触到毒素。通过广泛的信号传输网络，当您的细胞接触到毒素时就可以立刻感知。

一旦辨识到毒素的存在，身体就会立刻启动一个过程来处理。这个过程从上调适当的细胞信号传输路径开始，最终将逐步增加您的解毒机制。若不是身体存在着这些天生建立在其DNA的内在机制，那么我们每一天都将面对毒素挑战。

身体不断感知、适应、和校正pH值、体温、能量状态、及毒素接触等变化的能力，这对您的整体健康非常重要。幸好我们有细胞信号传输来应对这一些需要。

主要营养素对细胞信号传输的影响

某些情况可以对正常的细胞信号传输产生负面影响，包括不健康的饮食、缺乏运动、环境因素、接触毒素、和正常的老化过程。然而，最近的研究显示，健康的生活方式以及许多维生素、矿物质、和植物营养素，可以一同支持细胞信号传输路径。

细胞利用几种维生素和矿物质来有效地沟通。维生素D、钠、钾、镁、和其他几种元素在细胞信号传输中扮演着重要的角色。身体需要保持这些关键营养素的健康平衡，以便细胞持续正常沟通。

某些维生素和矿物质甚至直接参与细胞信号传输，它们可以启动细胞信号传输或作为信号传输媒介。通常它们也是受体正常作用所需要的，或者帮助那些已经被细胞信号传输「开启」的酶的正常功能。

最近的研究更显示，植物中的某些营养素（植物营养素）也对细胞信号传输具有直接的有益影响。以下列举其中几个例子：

  • 巧克力和葡萄籽所含的表儿茶素已被证实可支持心血管健康。
  • 绿花椰菜所含的萝卜硫素和绿茶所含的茶多酚均已证实可开启排毒途径。
  • 菠菜和其他蔬菜所含的硫辛酸可支持排毒，也有助于保持健康的体重。
  • 姜黄根所含的姜黄素已证实有助于维持平衡而健康的免疫系统。

吃含丰富蛋白质和健康脂肪的饮食有助于身体的细胞信号传输路径。那是因为ω-3脂肪酸和其他健康脂肪，都是维持良好细胞所需的。

包围每个细胞的细胞膜主要是由被称为磷脂的脂肪所制成，这些物质让细胞膜得以保持流体状而不会起皱纹。它们还使分子更容易自由流动穿过细胞膜，这最终有助于细胞的通讯。

谈到利用营养来维持健康的细胞通讯，您可以做的最后一件事就是吃能够抵御损害的食物。自由基和其他危险形式的氧会侵蚀健康的细胞，并损害DNA、信号传输分子、和蛋白质。而一旦受损，它们也就无法作用了。所以服用抗氧化剂可以保护细胞免受这种损害。

保持沟通的进行

关于细胞信号传输，有很多可讨论的。它是一个复杂的生理过程，您的细胞在这过程中可以与自己、邻近或相离甚远的其他细胞交谈。但是它可拆解为以下这几个部分：

  • 细胞通过不同信号传输方法（化合物、机械性刺激、和电脉冲）接收信号。
  • 信号传输分子可与在细胞表面或细胞内部的合适受体结合。
  • 这触发了接收信号并将其在细胞中放大的一连串活动。
  • 最后，其结果是细胞的某种回应，这显然取决于所传送的信号。

还有，别忘了这个过程的作用细节的重要性，您细胞之间的所有沟通都能让它们适应其内部和外部的环境。这种感知、回应、和适应的能力，使得细胞信号传输对维持您的健康极为重要。

希望您稍微了解了一些关于细胞信号传输如何发生，以及它为什么很重要的原因。现在，来帮助您的细胞保持沟通吧！这表示要以健康的生活方式，以及含有丰富维生素、矿物质、植物营养素、抗氧化剂、蛋白质、和健康脂肪的饮食来保护并支持您的细胞。

 

Berridge MJ. Unlocking the secrets of cell signaling. Annu Rev Physiol. 2005;67:1-21.

“Cell Signaling.” Nature News, Nature Publishing Group, 2014, www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/cell-signaling-14047077. Accessed 19 Sept. 2017.

Cooper, Geoffrey M. “Signaling Molecules and Their Receptors.” The Cell: A Molecular Approach. 2nd edition., U.S. National Library of Medicine, 1 Jan. 1970, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9924/.

Ermak G, Davies KJ. Calcium and oxidative stress: from cell signaling to cell death. Mol Immunol. 2002;38(10):713-21.

Eveleth, Rose. “There are 37.2 Trillion Cells in Your Body.” Smithsonian.com, Smithsonian Institution, 24 Oct. 2013, www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/there-are-372-trillion-cells-in-your-body-4941473/. Accessed 20 Sept. 2017.

“Introduction to cell signaling (Article).” Khan Academy, https://khanacademy.org/science/biology/cell-signaling/mechanisms-of-cell-signaling/a/introduction-to-cell-signaling. Accessed 24 Sept. 2017.

Martin GS. Cell signaling and cancer. Cancer Cell. 2003;4(3):167-74.

Mattson MP. Hormesis and disease resistance: activation of cellular stress response pathways. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2008;27(2):155-62.

Von essen MR, Kongsbak M, Schjerling P, Olgaard K, Odum N, Geisler C. Vitamin D controls T cell antigen receptor signaling and activation of human T cells. Nat Immunol. 2010;11(4):344-9.

使用USANA活力钙镁D片来建构健康与强壮的骨骼

USANA®活力钙镁D片™

使用精心调配的壮骨保健品，为您的活跃生活奠定坚实的基础。*

坦白说，钙、镁和维生素D对您的日常保健都非常重要。好消息是，从饮食调查看来，现今大多数人比过去几十年人们摄取了更多的钙。而坏消息则是整体钙摄取量仍然低于最佳摄食量。另外，大多数人的镁或维生素D摄取量非常不足。*

研究人员发现，当钙的摄取量比镁高时，这样的不均衡会影响您的长期健康。镁教育与研究中心建议人们的日常钙镁总摄取比例应接近2：1——来自食物及营养补充品。

维生素D也是一种对身体很有益的营养素，每天应该摄取125微克。研究一再证明，钙与维生素D及镁一起服用，效果最好。*

简言之，您可能需要摄取比现在更多的镁和维生素D，但不一定需要更多的钙。 *

幸运的是，要补充这些关键营养素很容易；而且这是达到更理想浓度的最佳途径之一。然而，大部分的钙质营养补充品提供多过于镁的钙质剂量，这导致更严重的不平衡状况。 USANA®活力钙镁D片™与市面产品不同，它提供1：1的镁和钙。 *

这个均衡的比例代表您可以获得更多的镁，但不会过多的钙质，以帮助您达到整体 2:1 的比例。此外，您还可以获得更多优质的维生素D，以达到符合现今饮食需求的均衡剂量。

USANA®活力钙镁D片™还帮助您获得多方面的保健*。以下略举几个例子：

  • 强壮且骨矿质丰富的骨骼和牙齿*
  • 健康的肌肉和神经功能*
  • 能量代谢*
  • 心血管健康*

kosher犹太认证的配方是USANA细胞基本营养素的绝佳质量保证。搭配服用，它将以最佳的吸收和强效性为您提供最佳剂量的营养素。*

点击此处购物

它是必要的—USANA活力钙镁D片能构建您骨骼的矿物质存量

钙和镁对于许多维持人体健康的生理作用都很重要。钙是人体内含量最丰富的矿物质；而镁的含量虽然不像钙那么高，但它绝对同等重要。镁对您的健康是不可或缺的，有300多种酶反应都需要靠它来激活，例如帮助人体制造蛋白质、DNA、RNA和谷胱甘肽等。*

您体内大部分的钙和镁都储存在骨骼里。事实上，有99%的钙存在您的牙齿和骨骼中，而大约有60%的镁也储存在那里，其余的钙和镁则存在您的组织和血液中。*

血液中的钙和镁浓度受到身体严密的调节。钙和镁在需要时会从骨骼中被抽取出来，让身体保持稳定的浓度。这个过程被称为「再吸收」，这意味着您的身体正在重新吸收这些矿物质。它也是正常骨骼重塑过程的关键部分，在这个过程中，您的身体会分解骨骼并重组成新的骨骼。*

这种重塑过程需要从饮食中获得足量的镁、钙和维生素D，以利于正确改造骨骼。这些营养素都与磷、硅和硼等其他元素协同作用，以确保钙质的适当利用与吸收。

镁也是帮助身体使用维生素D的辅助因子。因此，如果您的饮食中没有足够的钙、镁和维生素D，您的血液中和骨矿质中鎂的浓度可能会受到不良影响。*

如果您吃的乳制品、绿叶蔬菜、坚果或强化食品不够，就可能得不到足够的钙、镁或维生素D。饮用咖啡、汽水或酒则会进一步消耗您体内的镁。而如果您经常擦防晒霜或不晒太阳，您非常可能需要更多的维生素D。*

活力钙镁D片有助于提高您的饮食摄取量，帮助您提高钙和镁的骨骼存储量。活力钙镁D片含有这些必要矿物质的柠檬酸盐和碳酸盐形式的混合物，这几种混合物合并使用，可以被人体充分吸收，也比较不会刺激您的消化系统。

添加维生素D有助于确保您的身体可以最有效地使用钙。此外，必要维生素对细胞功能和全身健康还有许多功效。活力钙镁D片使用来自胆钙化醇的维生素D3，这与人体自然产生的维生素D是相同的形式。*

活力钙镁D片还含有硅和硼。在骨骼的活跃生长部位会发现硅，它被认为可促进骨骼生长和加速矿化作用，还可以提高结缔组织的稳定性。硼则与骨骼的稳定有关，它能减少钙质流失，并提高骨骼中的钙沉积。*

点击此处购物

强壮的身体从骨骼开始

人体骨骼系统是您最大的支柱，是您内在力量的来源。它实际承载着您的重量。这个环环相扣的系统，是由200多根骨头加上肌腱、韧带和软骨所组成的。*

骨骼是骨架的主要部分。他们塑造了您的身体结构，支撑您并保护您的内脏。骨骼是制造红血球的地方。同时，如上所述，您的骨骼储存了许多辅助生理作用所需要的矿物质。*

您的骨骼外面是由坚硬密实的结缔组织所构成，内部则是较轻、密度较低而且不断变化的海绵层。整个骨架结构持续不断地自我重塑，新骨持续生成，以取代被分解的旧骨。大约10年，您就会拥有一副全新的骨架。*

您的骨量会在青年时期达到高峰，因此，您要想各种办法在二十几岁时开始强壮您的骨骼，且尽所能去保持您的状态。大约过了25岁，您的骨量就会开始逐渐减少。此外，更年期后的女性会更快地流失骨量，这是正常的衰老过程的一部分。*

要保持骨骼强壮，必须在重塑过程中有足够的钙和镁。如果您的身体消耗这些营养素的速度持续比补充的速度高，就会造成骨质流失。*

如果您失去了太多骨量，或者您的身体制造的新骨不够，就会导致骨骼脆弱、骨量稀少（脆弱的骨骼）或骨质疏松症，此种医学症状的字面意思是「多孔的骨骼」。而骨骼组织的流失，会导致骨骼脆化而容易折断。骨骼会变得十分脆弱，以致轻微的跌倒或压力就会造成骨折。在极端情况下，甚至咳嗽或打喷嚏也可能使骨骼断裂。同样地，没有足够的维生素D，骨骼会变薄、变脆或畸形。*

使用活力钙镁D片来帮助您的骨骼强壮。含有充足维生素D和钙的健康饮食，加上适量的体能活动，可以降低晚年发生骨质疏松症的风险。几项以族群为基础的研究发现，不论男性或女性的镁摄入量，都与骨矿质密度呈正相关。而若持续服用活力钙镁D片来摄入较多剂量的营养素，也被证实能为停经后的妇女保持骨矿质密度。*

点击此处购物

除了良好的口腔护理外，USANA活力钙镁D片中的营养成份也有益牙齿健康。保持骨密度也有助于保护牙齿的健康，钙和适量维生素D的浓度也与维持牙龈健康有关。*

骨骼能辅助肌肉和神经，让您活动自如

稳固的骨架不仅与您的骨骼有关，您的肌肉会与骨骼和关节一起合作，来保持身体的直立与行动。肌肉系统是由骨骼肌肉组织、血管、肌腱和神经所组成。*

活力钙镁D片中的成份能促进健康骨骼的矿化作用，为您的神经肌肉提供更完整的支撑。它能供应人体发挥正常的肌肉和神经功能所需要的养分。*

称为运动神经元的神经细胞，在肌肉功能中扮演重要角色，它们会传递来自大脑的信息，通知您的肌肉收缩或放松。这些电流信号和反应，需要血液中的钙和镁来辅助。因此，保有均衡的这两种元素，有助于维持正常的肌肉功能。*

维生素D还有助于维持神经系统的正常功能，它帮助维持钙的均衡，并与正常神经细胞信号传输所需蛋白质的产生和释出有关。*

这种脂溶性维生素也会影响肌肉力量，尤其是在超过50岁的人。研究指出，维生素D在体内的浓度与保持肌肉健康有关。保持肌肉强壮对维持体能表现至关重要，这是终生保持活动力与独立性的重要关键。*

点击此处购物

用活力钙镁D片来加强心脏保健

您的心脏是一种肌肉，这个组织负责让您的心脏收缩、舒张，以便将血液泵送到您的全身。因此，维护健康的肌肉功能和电流传导，有助于保持心脏跳动强劲。（肌肉组织也会出现在人体其他器官和部位，包括消化系统。）*

这只是活力钙镁D片对您心脏的好处之一。*

补充品帮助维持心脏健康的能力的关键，是在于能获得适当均衡的营养素。您不能只补充钙，您需要能辅助钙沉积入骨骼中的营养素混合物。*

除了钙之外，镁和维生素D是您用补充品来爱护心脏的关键。补充维生素D或镁有助于原已在正常范围血压的继续维持健康。*

足量的镁和维生素D使用两种方式来帮助维持健康的血流：

  1. 辅助正常的内皮功能。内皮细胞负责指挥您的血管扩张和收缩，它们还帮助健康的血液凝结。这些功能都需要有钙离子的辅助才能正常运作。*
  2. 维持动脉的弹性。动脉的扩张和收缩能力有助于维持正常的血流量。*

USANA维生素K2是活力钙镁D片维护心脏的明智好伙伴。这种重要的营养素能确保您从饮食中所摄取的钙质不会被血管吸收，而是被骨骼吸收利用。这项功能帮助维持健康、富有弹性的动脉以保护正常的心血管功能。*

当然，大量食用蔬果、低脂或零脂肪的乳制品，并减少摄取脂肪，可以保护您的心脏；而这也是整体健康生活的一部分。*

点击此处购物

帮助您的能量与血糖浓度保持稳定

您的身体从不同来源获得所需的能量，活力钙镁D片所含的镁能辅助健康的新陈代谢，将食物中的脂肪、碳水化合物和糖分解为可用的能源。*

单醣类的葡萄糖会分解成肝醣，这是您大脑、红血球和肌肉的主要能量来源。然而，血液中含有过多的糖就不健康。因此，限制饮食中过多的糖和精制碳水化合物以保持血糖浓度处于健康范围内，是很重要的。*

活力钙镁D片对此也有帮助。人们摄取的钙、镁和维生素D都与保持正常的血糖浓度有关（只要其原来的浓度已经是健康的），这可能（至少一部分）是由于这些营养素在维持整体细胞健康中所扮演的角色。它们还参与调节身体回应醣类的复杂反应。*

镁也是新陈代谢的关键物质，有助于细胞的能量供应。它为您的粒线体（细胞的发电厂）提供了重要的辅助功能。并且，为细胞功能提供能量的三磷酸腺苷（ATP）的生产过程也需要镁。这种细胞能量必须与镁离子结合才能拥有生物活性。*

点击此处购物

用活力钙镁D片保持情绪稳定

活力钙镁D片的好处远不止于建构强壮的骨架，更延伸至其他形式的内部力量；它还可以帮助保持稳定的情绪。

您的情绪涉及许多因素的相互作用，包括遗传和生物化学、生活习惯和饮食模式。健康的饮食与良好情绪有关，另一方面，不健康的食物和基础营养素的不足则与情绪不佳有关。*

您可以使用像细胞基本营养素这样的优质综合维生素来健脑，这有助于确保您获得全方位的必要营养素。活力钙镁D片也可以帮助您避免镁和维生素D的缺乏，这两种营养素有助于保持情绪稳定，支持大脑的健康功能：*

  • 镁能辅助健康的神经功能。神经元通过一种称为神经传递质的信使来发送和接收化学与电流信号。保持这个机制的正常运作，对健康的大脑活动和情绪至关重要。*
  • 脑组织中广泛存在着维生素D受体，D3形式的維生素D已被证实具有神经保护性。有研究指出，每天补充至少600国际单位的阳光维生素（并与维生素A合并使用）有益于增进幸福感。*

点击此处购物

主要成份

查看完整成份表

使用法

成人每日两次，每次两锭，建议餐后服用

适用于

  • 18岁以上健康成人
  • 符合Kosher犹太认证（美国配方）

关于USANA活力钙镁D片的常见问题

摄取高剂量的镁补充品可能导致胃肠不适。如果您有任何不适，请先减少您的日常剂量，再逐步增加到您预定的每日摄取量。

正常成年人长期摄取超过每天2500毫克的钙时，会观察到有不良反应。而51岁以上成年人的摄取上限应为每天2000毫克。

美国联邦贸易委员会（FTC）警告消费者，在购买宣称具有「奇迹」成份、未经证实的新传递方法或「保证」结果的产品之前，应采取谨慎的态度。许多这些「快速疗法」都是未经证实的、欺诈性广告的、无效的，且在某些情况下是危险的。

珊瑚钙主要都是在深夜电视购物节目中推销。珊瑚钙的营销手法夸大了钙的已知重要性和功能，并试图将这些益处与他们的「神奇」产品及其「神奇」疗效挂勾。事实上，根本没有关于珊瑚钙的任何良好或彻底的科学研究，当然也不足以支持「奇迹般的结果」。

珊瑚礁覆盖不到1%的地球表面，但它们是超过25%的海洋生物（超过4,000种不同的鱼类、700种珊瑚和许多其它动植物）的家园。珊瑚礁是世界上最脆弱和最濒危的生态系统之一，因此有严格的法律来保护珊瑚礁。由于开采活珊瑚礁是非法的，珊瑚钙必须来自其它来源。一些珊瑚钙营销商为了规避这一点，试图声称他们的原料是从埋在所谓的「原始」沙漠中的旧海床中所开采的；或者宣称是从「沈积在海底的化石珊瑚砂」开采；或者从「冲刷到岸边的珊瑚」中采集。

珊瑚钙的钙含量范围为24%至38%，主要由碳酸钙组成。这通常被称为「文石」或「方解石」，以混淆和误导消费者认为它与消费者可以从市场上获得的标准形式的钙不同。

归根究底：珊瑚钙只是碳酸钙的来源。

珊瑚钙也被吹捧为具有优异的吸收率。而实际上，只要正确地制成锭片并随餐服用，钙就具有相当标准的吸收率，无论其形式如何。钙的每日建议摄取量系基于平均吸收率而制定的，因此它已经将一般人的吸收率考虑在内。 钙的先驱专家医学博士Robert Heaney表示：「我所看到关于珊瑚钙的广告宣传很怪异。首先，所有形式的钙都很难被吸收，所以有充分的理由防止危险的『钙中毒』。任何钙能100%被身体吸收的想法都是荒谬的，如果这是真的，那将有潜在的危险。」

总之，消费者需要知道的是：人体对于珊瑚钙的处理，就像对任何其他钙质补充品一样。更重要的是，补充钙质的重点通常不仅是钙的来源，而是该产品是否含有足够的达到最佳骨骼健康所必需的其他营养素（维生素D、硅、硼、镁、维生素K）？或仅仅只是含钙的产品？它列出了各元素的重量或混合物的重量？它的递送系统又如何？

Anderson JJ, Kruszka B, Delaney JA et al. Calcium Intake From Diet and Supplements and the Risk of Coronary Artery Calcification and its Progression Among Older Adults: 10‐Year Follow‐up of the Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). J Am Heart Assoc. 5(10):e003815-. 2016.

Aydin H, Deyneli O, Yavuz D. Short-term oral magnesium supplementation suppresses bone turnover in postmenopausal osteoporotic women. Biological trace element research. 133(2):136-43. 2010.

Castiglioni S, Cazzaniga A, Albisetti W, Maier J. Magnesium and Osteoporosis: Current State of Knowledge and Future Research Directions. Nutrients. 5(8):3022-3033. 2013.

Dietrich T, et al. Association between serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and periodontal disease in the US population. Am J Clin Nutr 80(1):108-13.

Lambert HL, Eastell R, Karnik K, Russell JM, Barker ME. Calcium supplementation and bone mineral accretion in adolescent girls: an 18-mo randomized controlled trial with 2-y follow-up. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 87(2):455-62. 2008.

Matchar DB, Chei CL, Yin ZX, et al. Vitamin D Levels and the Risk of Cognitive Decline in Chinese Elderly People: the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2016;71(10):1363-8.

Prince RL, Devine A, Dhaliwal SS, Dick IM. Effects of calcium supplementation on clinical fracture and bone structure: results of a 5-year, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in elderly women. Archives of internal medicine. 166(8):869-75. 2006.

Villegas R, Gao YT, Dai Q. Dietary calcium and magnesium intakes and the risk of type 2 diabetes: the Shanghai Women’s Health Study. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 89(4):1059-67. 2009.

Von hurst PR, Stonehouse W, Kruger MC, Coad J. Vitamin D supplementation suppresses age-induced bone turnover in older women who are vitamin D deficient. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2010;121(1-2):293-6.

Zhang FF, Driban JB, Lo GH, et al. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with progression of knee osteoarthritis. J Nutr. 2014;144(12):2002-8.

Bodnar LM, Simhan HN, Powers RW, Frank MP, Cooperstein E, Rob¬erts JM. High Prevalence of Vitamin D Insufficiency in Black and White Pregnant Women Residing in the Northern United States and Their Neonates. 2007. J Nutr 137:447-52.

Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Calcium. Dietary Reference Intakes: Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride. 1997. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press; 71-145.

Gennari C. Calcium and vitamin D nutrition and bone disease of the elderly. 2001. Public Health Nutr 4(2B):547-59.

Jugdaohsingh, R. Silicon and Bone Health. J Nutr Health Aging. 2007 Mar-Apr; 11(2): 99–110.

Kalkwarf HJ, Khoury JC, Lanphear BP. Milk intake during childhood and adolescence, adult bone density, and osteoporotic fractures in US women. 2003. Am J Clin Nutr 77(1):257-65.

Meacham SL, Taper LJ, Volpe SL. Effect of boron supplementation on blood and urinary calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus, and urinary boron in athletic and sedentary women. 1995. Am J Clin Nutr 61(2):341-5.

National Institutes of Health. Osteoporosis Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy. 2000. NIH Consensus Statement 17(1):1-36.

Nielsen FH. The emergence of boron as nutritionally important throughout the life cycle. Nutrition. 2000;16(7–8):512–514.

Nieves JW. Osteoporosis: the role of micronutrients. 2005. Am J Clin Nutr 81(5):1232S-9S.

Rude RK1, Singer FR, Gruber HE. Skeletal and hormonal effects of magnesium deficiency. J Am Coll Nutr. 2009 Apr;28(2):131-41.

Kass L, Weekes J, Carpenter L. 2012. Effect of magnesium supplementation on blood pressure: a meta analysis. Eu J Clin Nutr 66(4): 411-8.

Larsson SC, Wolk A. 2007. Magnesium intake and risk of… J Intern Med 262(2): 208-14.

Anastassios G, et al. 2006. Vitamin D and calcium intake in relation to… Diab Care 29(3): 650-656.

Anastassios G, Lau J, Hu F, Dawson-Hughes B. 2007. The Role of Vitamin D and Calcium in type 2 diabetes. A systematic Review and Meta-Analysis* J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92(6) : 2017-2029.

Veronese N, et al. 2016. Effect of magnesium supplementation on glucose metabolism in people with or at risk of diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of double-blind randomized controlled trials. Eur J Clin Nutr 70(12): 1354-1359.

Hruby A, et al. 2014. Higher Magnesium Intake Reduces Risk of Impaired Glucose and Insulin Metabolism and Progression From Prediabetes to Diabetes in Middle-Aged Americans. Diab Care 37(2):419-427.

Houston D, et al. 2007. Association Between Vitamin D Status and Physical Performance: The InCHIANTI Study. Jour of Gerontol Series A 62(4): 440-446.

Tovey, A. & Cannell, J. Does vitamin D and calcium supplementation improve gum disease? The Vitamin D Council Blog & Newsletter, 2015.

Wrzosek M, et al. 2013. Vitamin D and the central nervous system. Pharmacol Rep 65(2): 271-8.

Joris P, Plat J, Bakker S, Mensink R. 2016. Long-term magnesium supplementation improves arterial stiffness in overweight and obese adults: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention trial. Am Jour Clin Nutr 103(5):1260-1266.

Wang, et al. 2008. Vitamin D deficiency and risk of cardiovascular… Circulation 117: 503-511.

Chiuve SE, et al. 2011. Plasma and dietary magnesium and risk of sudden cardiac death in women. Am J Clin Nutr 93(2):253-260.

Tarleton EK, et al. 2017. Role of magnesium supplementation in the treatment of depression: A randomized clinical trial. PLoS One 12(6) [Internet] [accessed 20 Mar 18] Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28654669

Boyle NB, Lawton C, Dye L. 2017. The Effects of Magnesium Supplementation on Subjective Anxiety and Stress—A Systematic Review. Nutrients 9(5): 429. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5452159/

Eby GA 3rd, Eby KL. 2010. Magnesium for treatment-resistant depression: a review and hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 74(4):649-60.

Penckofer S, Kouba J, Byrn M, Ferrans CE. 2010. Vitamin D and Depression: Where is all the Sunshine? Issues Ment Health Nurs 31(6):385-393.  

Soni M, et al. 2012. Vitamin D and cognitive function. Scand J Clin Lab Supl [Internet] [accessed 20 Mar 2018] Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22536767

Cernak I, et al. 2000. Alterations in magnesium and oxidative status during chronic emotional stress. Mag Res 13(1): 29-36.

您可能也有兴趣阅读

骨骼健康：认识骨骼的构造

透过骨骼构造的剖析，可以让骨骼的意义不仅限于身体的框架而已。一起来认识您的骨骼系统并学习骨骼保健知识。

阅读更多

Heap of Coarse Salt (close-up shot) on vintage background (selective focus)

必要矿物质指南

您的身体需要矿物质才能正常运作。来了解使您获得最佳健康状态所需的必要矿物质。

阅读更多

holistic health and wellness

整体健康的8大支柱

了解支持整体健康的八大支柱，以帮助您享受最美好的人生。

阅读更多

*这些内容未经美国食品和药物管理局的审阅。本产品不用于诊断、治疗、医治、或预防任何疾病。



营养对人类健康的重要性早就为人所知。1960年以前，对这个领域的兴趣主要集中在预防急性营养缺乏症，如坏血病、佝偻病、和糙皮病。已确定的必要营养素约50种（维生素、矿物质、抗氧化剂、辅因子、必要氨基酸和必要脂肪酸），人们也发展了对这些营养素的每日建议摄取量，这些建议已获证实对于消除急性营养缺乏症方面是有价值的。

过去的几十年当中，重点则已转移到饮食和营养在长期健康方面的作用。营养在心脏、骨骼、关节、眼睛、神经系统、和免疫系统的长期健康中已显示出其作用。

遗憾的是，这些关联性很难加以研究，部分是因为所需的时间。要进行长达几年的研究是非常困难的，而在这些相互之间的作用之中有许多需要花数十年的时间研究。尽管如此，由于流行病学和临床研究的进步，现研究人员已发表了大量关于饮食和营养摄取对长期健康的影响的信息。

近年来，研究人员更加重视营养补充品作为健康饮食的一部分之可能性。这些研究使用各式各样不同的研究方法，也产生了正面和负面的结果。有些营养补充已经成为现代医疗保健方法的一部分了，这包括，例如钙和维生素D补充品在维持健康骨密度方面以及叶酸补充品对于预防某些新生儿缺陷方面的作用等等。但在其他领域（如抗氧化剂在心脏保健方面的作用），结果不太一致，其结论仍存在争议。

research

下列清单是一部份检视营养补充品和功能性食品之健康益处的同侪评议的研究；论文的选择系根据其科学价值和与领域的相关性—无论其获得正面或负面的结果。本清单能让您对不同科学文献有个良好的理解，希望有助于更妥善了解营养研究的现状。

为方便起见，参考文献按健康问题排列：

  1. Abbey M, Nestel PJ, Baghurst PA. Antioxidant vitamins and low-density-lipoprotein oxidation. 1993. Am J Clin Nutr 58(4):525-32.
  2. Adank C, Green TJ, Skeaff CM, Briars B. Weekly high-dose folic acid supplementation is effective in lowering serum homocysteine concentrations in women. 2003. Ann Nutr Metab 47(2):55-9.
  3. Allender PS, Cutler JA, Follmann D, Cappuccio FP, Pryer J, Elliott P. Dietary calcium and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. 1996. Ann Intern Med 124(9):825-31.
  4. Agarwal S, Rao AV. Tomato lycopene and low density lipoprotein oxidation: a human dietary intervention study. 1998. Lipids 33(10):981-4.
  5. Aminbakhsh A, Mancini J. Chronic antioxidant use and changes in endothelial dysfunction: a review of clinical investigations. 1999. Can J Cardiol 15(8):895-903.
  6. Anderson JW, Allgood LD, Lawrence A, Altringer LA, Jerdack GR, Hengehold DA, Morel JG. Cholesterol-lowering effects of psyllium intake adjunctive to diet therapy in men and women with hypercholesterolemia: meta-analysis of 8 controlled trials. 2000. Am J Clin Nutr 71(2):472-9.
  7. Anderson JW, Davidson MH, Blonde L, Brown WV, Howard WJ, Ginsberg H, Allgood LD, Weingand KW. Long-term cholesterol-lowering effects of psyllium as an adjunct to diet therapy in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. 2000. Am J Clin Nutr 71(6):1433-8.
  8. Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Hernan MA, Giovannucci E, Kawachi I, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. Relation of consumption of vitamin E, vitamin C, and carotenoids to risk for stroke among men in the United States. 1999. Ann Intern Med 130(12):963-70.
  9. Bao B, Prasad AS, Beck FW, Fitzgerald JT, Snell D, Bao GW, Singh T, Cardozo LJ. Zinc decreases C-reactive protein, lipid peroxidation, and inflammatory cytokines in elderly subjects: a potential implication of zinc as an atheroprotective agent. 2010. AJCN 91:1634-41.
  10. Baur JA, Sinclair DA. Therapeutic potential of resveratrol: the in vivo evidence. 2006. Nat Rev Drug Discov 5(6):493-506.
  11. Bellamy MF, McDowell IF, Ramsey MW, Brownlee M, Newcombe RG, Lewis MJ. Oral folate enhances endothelial function in hyperhomocysteinaemic subjects. 1999. Eur J Clin Invest 29:659-62.
  12. Berman M, ERman A, Ben-Gal T, Dvir D, Georghiou GP, Stamler A, Vered Y, Vidne BA, Aravot D. Coenzyme Q10 in patients with end-stage heart failure awaiting cardiac transplantation: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. 2004. Clin Cardiol 27(5):295-9.
  13. Boaz M, Smetana S, Weinstein T, Matas Z, Gafter U, Iaina A, Knecht A, Weissgarten Y, Brunner D, Fainaru M, Green MS. Secondary prevention with antioxidants of cardiovascular disease in endstage renal disease (SPACE): randomized placebo-controlled trial. 2000. Lancet 356(9237):1213-8.
  14. Bor-Jen Lee et al. A significant correlation between the plasma levels of coenzyme Q10 and vitamin B-6 and a reduced risk of coronary artery disease. Nutrition Research 32(10):751-756, October 2012.
  15. Bronstrup A, Hages M, Prinz-Langenohl R, Pietrzik K. Effects of folic acid and combinations of folic acid and vitamin B-12 on plasma homocysteine concentrations in healthy, young women. 1998. AJCN 68(5):1104-10.
  16. Brouwer IA, van Dusseldorp M, Thomas CM, Duran M, Hautvast JG, Eskes TK, Steegers-Theunissen RP. Low-dose folic acid supplementation decreases plasma homocysteine concentration: a randomized trial. 1999. Am J Clin Nutr 69(1):99-104.
  17. Brouwer IA, van Rooij IA, van Dusseldorp M, Thomas CM, Blom HJ, Hautvast JG, Eskes TK, Steegers-Theunissen RP. Homocysteine-lowering effect of 500 microg folic acid every other day versus 250 microg/day. 2000. Ann Nutr Metab 44(5-6):194-7.
  18. Brown AA, Hu FB. Dietary modulation of endothelial function: implications for cardiovascular disease. 2001. Am J Clin Nutr 73:673-86.
  19. Brown BG, Zhao XQ, Chait A, Fisher LD, Cheung MC, Morse JS, Dowdy AA, Marino EK, Bolson EL, Alaupovic P, Frohlich J, Albers JJ. Simvastatin and niacin, antioxidant vitamins or the combination for the prevention of coronary disease. 2001. N Engl J Med 345(22):1583-92.
  20. Brown L, Rosner B, Willett WW, Sacks FM. Cholesterol-lowering effects of dietary fiber: a meta-analysis. 1999. Am J Clin Nutr 69(1):30-42.
  21. Bucher HC, Cook RJ, Guyatt GH, Lang JD, Cook DJ, Hatala R, Hunt DL. Effects of dietary calcium supplementation on blood pressure. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. 1996. JAMA 275(13):1016-22.
  22. Bucher HC, Hengstler P, Schindler C, Meier G. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. 2002. Am J Med 112(4):298-304.
  23. Chakraborti S, Chakraborti T, Mandal M, Mandal A, Das S, Ghosh S. Protective role of magnesium in cardiovascular diseases: A review. 2002. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 238:163-79.
  24. Chambers JC, McGregor A, Jean-Marie J, Obeid OA, Kooner JS. Demonstration of rapid onset vascular endothelial dysfunction after hyperhomocysteinemia: an effect reversible with vitamin C therapy. 1999. Circulation 99:1156-60.
  25. Cheng S, Massaro JM, Fox CS, Larson MG, Keyes MJ, McCabe EL, Robins SJ, O’Donnell CJ, Hoffmann U, Jacques PF, Booth SL, Vasan RS, Wolf M, Wang TJ. Adiposity, cardiometabolic risk, and vitamin D status: the Framingham Heart Study. 2010. Diabetes 59(1):242-8.
  26. Cheung MC, Zhao XQ, Chait A, Albers JJ, Brown BG. Antioxidant supplements block the response of HDL to simvastatin-niacin therapy in patients with coronary artery disease and low HDL. 2001. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 21:1320-6.
  27. Collaborative Group of the Primary Prevention Project (PPP). Low-dose aspirin and vitamin E in people at cardiovascular risk: a randomised trial in general practice. 2001. Lancet 357(9250):89-95.
  28. Connor WE. Importance of n-3 fatty acids in health and disease. 2000. Am J Clin Nutr 71(suppl):171S-5S.
  29. Constans J, Blann AD, Resplandy F, Parrot F, Renard M, Seigneur M, Guerin V, BoisseauM, Conri C. Three months supplementation of hyperhomocysteinaemic patients with folic acid and vitamin B6 improves biological markers of endothelial dysfunction. 1999. Br J Haematol 107:776-8.
  30. Cos P, De Bruyne T, Hermans N, Apers S, Berghe DV, Vlietinck AJ. Proanthocyanidins in health care: current and new trends. 2004. Curr Med Chem 11(10):1345-59.
  31. Cui R, Iso H, Date C, Kikuchi S, Tamakoshi A, the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study Group. Dietary Folate and Vitamin B6 and B12 Intake in Relation to Mortality from Cardiovascular Diseases – Japan Collaborative Cohort Study. 2010. Stroke 41:1285-9.
  32. Davi G, Romano M, Mezzetti A, et al. Increased levels of soluble P-selectin in hypercholesterolemic patients. 1998. Circulation 97-953-7.
  33. Davidson MH, Maki KC, Kong JC, Dugan LD, Torri SA, Hall HA, Drennan KB, Anderson SM, Fulgoni VL, Saldanha LG, Olson BH. Long-term effects of consuming foods containing psyllium seed husk on serum lipids in subjects with hypercholesterolemia. 1998. Am J Clin Nutr 67(3):367-76.
  34. Devaraj S, Jialal I. Alpha tocopherol supplementation decreases serum C-reactive protein and monocyte interleukin-6 levels in normal volunteers and type 2 diabetic patients. 2000. Free Radic Biol Med 29(8):790-2.
  35. Devaraj S, Li D, Jialai I. The effects of alpha tocopherol supplementation on monocyte function. Decreased lipid oxidation, interleukin 1beta, and monocyte adhesion to endothelium. 1996. J Clin Invest 98:756-63.
  36. Dieber-Rotheneder M, Puhl H, Waeg G, Striegl G, Esterbauer H. Effect of oral supplementation with d-alphatocopherol on the vitamin E content of human density lipoproteins and resistance to oxidation. 1991. J Lipid Res 32(8):1325-32.
  37. Din JN et al. Effect of ω-3 fatty acid supplementation on endothelial function, endogenous fibrinolysis and platelet activation in male cigarette smokers. Heart. 2013 Feb;99(3):168-74.
  38. Djousse L, Arnett DK, Carr JJ, Eckfeldt JH, Hopkins PN, Province MA, Ellison RC. Dietary linolenic acid is inversely associated with calcified atherosclerotic plaque in the coronary arteries: the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study. 2005. Circulation 7;111(22):2921-6.
  39. Duffy SJ, Gokce N, Holbrook M, Huang A, Frei B, Keaney JF Jr, Vita JA. Treatment of hypertension with ascorbic acid. 1999. Lancet 354(9195):2048-9.
  40. Duffy SJ, Gokce N, Holbrook M, Hunter LM, Biegelsen ES, Huang A, Keaney JF Jr, Vita JA. Effect of ascorbic acid treatment on conduit vessel endothelial dysfunction in patients with hypertension. 2001. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 280(2):H528-34.
  41. Dutta A, Dutta SK. Vitamin E and its Role in the Prevention of Atherosclerosis and Carcinogenesis – A Review. 2003. JACN 22(4):258-68.
  42. Dwyer JH, Dwyer KM, Scribner RA, Sun P, Li L, Nicholson LM, Davis IJ, Hohn AR. Dietary calcium, calcium supplementation, and blood pressure in African American adolescents. 1998. Am J Clin Nutr 68(3):648-55.
  43. Dyck, G. J., Raj, P., Zieroth, S., Dyck, J. R., & Ezekowitz, J. A. (2019). The Effects of Resveratrol in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease and Heart Failure: A Narrative Review. International journal of molecular sciences, 20(4), 904.
  44. Elliott TG, Barth JD, Mancini GB. Effects of vitamin E on endothelial function in men after myocardial infarction. 1995. Am J Cardiol 76(16):1188-90.
  45. Emmert DH, Kirchner JT. The role of vitamin E in the prevention of heart disease. 1999. Arch Fam Med 8(6):537-42.
  46. Engelen W, Keenoy BM, Vertommen J, De Leeuw I. Effects of long-term supplementation with moderate pharmacologic doses of vitamin E are saturable and reversible in patients with type 1 diabetes. 2000. Am J Clin Nutr 72(5):1142-9.
  47. Enstrom JE, Kanim LE, Klein MA. Vitamin C Intake and Mortality among a Sample of the United States Population. 1992. Epidemiology 3:194-202.
  48. Eritsland J, Arnesen H, Seljeflot I, Hostmark AT. Long-term metabolic effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with coronary artery disease. 1995. Am J Clin Nutr 61:831-6.
  49. Fang JC, Kinlay S, Beltrame J, Hikiti H, Wainstein M, Behrendt D, Suh J, Frei B, Mudge GH, Selwyn AP, Ganz P. Effect of vitamins C and E on progression of transplant-associated arteriosclerosis: a randomized trial. 2002. Lancet 359(9312):1108-13.
  50. Farina EK, Kiel DP, Roubenoff R, Schaefer EJ, Cupples LA, Tucker KL. Protective effects of fish intake and interactive effects of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid intakes on hip bone mineral density in older adults: the Framingham Osteoporosis Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;93(5):1142-51.
  51. Fleischhauer FJ, Yan WD, Fischell TA. Fish oil improves endothelium-dependent coronary vasodilation in heart transplant recipients. 1993. J Am Coll Cardiol 21:982-9.
  52. Fotino AD, Thompson-Paul AM, Bazzano LA. Effect of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on heart failure: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2013 Feb;97(2):268-75.
  53. Fotherby MD, Williams JC, Forster LA, Craner P, Ferns GA. Effect of vitamin C on ambulatory blood pressure and plasma lipids in older persons. 2000. J Hypertens 18(4):411-5.
  54. Freedman JE, Parker C, Li L, Perlman JA, Frei B, Ivanov V, Deak LR, Iafrati MD, Folts JD. Select flavonoids and whole juice from purple grapes inhibit platelet function and enhance nitric oxide release. 2001. Circulation 103:2792-8.
  55. Galley HF, Thornton J, Howdle PD, Walker BE, Webster NR. Combination oral antioxidant supplementation reduces blood pressure. 1997. Clin Sci (Colch) 92(4):361-5.
  56. Gilligan DM, Sack MN, Guetta V, Casino PR, Quyyumi AA, Rader DJ, Panza JA, Cannon RO. Effect of antioxidant vitamins on low density lipoprotein oxidation and impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with hypercholesterolemia. 1994. J Am Coll Cardiol 24(7):1611-7.
  57. GISSI-Prevenzione Investigators. Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results from the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. 1999. Lancet 354:447-55.
  58. Gillman MW, Hood MY, Moore LL, Nguyen US, Singer MR, Andon MB. Effect of calcium supplementation on blood pressure in children. 1995. J Pediatr 127(2):186-92.
  59. Glore SR, Van Treeck D, Knehans AW, Guild M. Soluble fiber and serum lipids: a literature review. 1994. J Am Diet 94(4):425-36.
  60. Gocke N, Keaney JF Jr, Frei B, Holbrook M, Olesiak M, Zachariah BJ, Leeuwenburgh C, Heinecke JW, Vita JA. Long-term ascorbic acid administration reverses endothelial vasomotor dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease. 1999. Circulation 99(25):3234-40.
  61. Goodfellow J, Bellamy MF, Ramsey MW, Jones CJH, Lewis MJ. Dietary supplementation with marine omega-3 fatty acids improve systemic large artery endothelial function in subjects with hypercholesterolemia. 2000. J Am Coll Cardiol 35(2):265-70.
  62. Green D, O’Driscoll G, Rankin JM, Maiorana AJ, Taylor RR. Beneficial effect of vitamin E administration on nitric oxide function in subjects with hypercholesterolaemia. 1998. Clin Sci (Colch) 95(3):361-7.
  63. Griffith LE, Guyatt GH, Cook RJ, Bucher HC, Cook DJ. The influence of dietary and nondietary calcium supplementation on blood pressure: an updated metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. 1999. Am J Hypertens 12(1 Pt 1):84-92.
  64. Guyton JR, Blazing MA, Hagar J, Kashyap ML, Knopp RH, McKenney JM, Nash DT, Nash SD, Niaspan-Gemfibrozil Study Group. Extended-release niacin vs gemfibrozil for the treatment of low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. 2000. Arch Intern Med 160(8):1177-84.
  65. Harris WS. n-3 fatty acids and serum lipoproteins: human studies. 1997. Am J Clin Nutr 65(5 Suppl):1645S-54S.
  66. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of antioxidant vitamin supplementation in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. 2002. Lancet 360(9326):23-33.
  67. Hodis HN, Mack WJ, Dustin L, Mahrer PR, Azen SP, Detrano R, Selhub J, Alaupovic P, Liu CR, Liu CH, Hwang J, Wilcox AG, Selzer RH, BVAIT Research Group. High-dose B vitamin supplementation and progression of subclinical atherosclerosis: a randomized controlled trial. 2009. Stroke 40(3):730-6.
  68. Hodis HN, Mack WJ, LaBree L, Cashin-Hemphill L, Sevanian A, Johnson R, Azen SP. Serial coronary angiographic evidence that antioxidant vitamin intake reduces progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis. 1995. JAMA 273(23):1849-54.
  69. Holmquist C, Larsson S, Wolk A, de Faire U. Multivitamin supplements are inversely associated with risk of myocardial infarction in men and women – Stockholm Heart Epidemiology Program (SHEEP). 2003. J Nutr 133(8):2650-4.
  70. Holub DJ, Holub BJ. Omega-3 fatty acids from fish oils and cardiovascular disease. 2004. Mol Cell Biochem 263(1-2):217-25.
  71. Hornig B, Arakawa N, Kohler C, Drexler H. Vitamin C improves endothelial function of conduit arteries in patients with chronic heart failure. 1998. Circulation 97:363-8.
  72. Horsch S, Walther C. Ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 in the treatment of peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) – a review based on randomized, controlled studies. 2004. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 42(2):63-72.
  73. Iuliano L, Mauriello A, Sbarigia E, Spagnoli LG, Violi F. Radiolabeled native low-density lipoprotein injected into patients with carotid stenosis accumulates in macrophages of atherosclerotic plaque: effect of vitamin E supplementation. 2000. Cir 101(11):1249-54.
  74. Jacques PF, Lyass A, Massaro JM, Vasan RS, D’Agostino Sr RB. Relationship of lycopene intake and consumption of tomato products to incident CVD. Br J Nutr. 2013 Jan 15:1-7.
  75. Jain SK, McVie R, Jaramillo JJ, Palmer M, Smith T, Meachum ZD, Little RL. The effect of modest vitamin E supplementation on lipid peroxidation products and other cardiovascular risk factors in diabetic patients. 1996. Lipids Suppl:S87-90.
  76. Jialal I, Grundy SM. Effect of combined supplementation with alpha-tocopherol, ascorbate, and beta-carotene on low-density lipoprotein oxidation. 1993. Circulation 88(6):2780-6.
  77. Johansen O, Seljflot I, Hostmark AT, Arnesen H. The effect of supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids on soluble markers of endothelial function in patients with coronary heart disease. 1999. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 19:1681-6.
  78. John P. Forman et al. Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Blood Pressure in Blacks. Hypertension. 2013; 61: 779-785.
  79. Juonala M et al. Childhood 25-OH Vitamin D Levels and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Adulthood: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Feb 10:jc20143944.
  80. Joris, P. J., Plat, J., Bakker, S. J., & Mensink, R. P. (2016). Long-term magnesium supplementation improves arterial stiffness in overweight and obese adults: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention trial. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 103(5), 1260-1266.
  81. Katz DL, Nawaz H, Boukhalil J, Giannamore V, Chan W, Ahmadi R, Sarrel PM. Acute effects of oats and vitamin E on endothelial responses to ingested fat. 2001. Am J Prev Med 20(2):124-9.
  82. Kawano Y, Matsuoka H, Takishita S, Omae T. Effects of magnesium supplementation in hypertensive patients: assessment by office, home, and ambulatory blood pressures. 1998. Hypertension 32(2):260-5.
  83. Keith ME, Walsh NA, Darling PB, Hanninen SA, Thirugnanam S, Leong-Poi H, Barr A, Sole MJ. B-vitamin deficiency in hospitalized patients with heart failure. 2009. J Am Diet Assoc 109(8):1406-10.
  84. Kelley DS, Siegel D, Vemuri M, Mackey BE. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation improves fasting and postprandial lipid profiles in hypertriglyceridemic men. 2007. Am J Clin Nutr 86:324-33.
  85. Kendrick J, Targher G, Smits G, Chonchol M. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D deficiency is independently associated with cardiovascular disease in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. 2009. Atherosclerosis 205(1):255-60.
  86. Klipstein-Grobusch K, Geleijnse JM, den Breeijen JH, Boeing H, Hofman A, Grobbee DE, Witteman JC. Dietary antioxidants and risk of myocardial infarction in the elderly: the Rotterdam Study. 1999. Am J Clin Nutr 69(2):261-6.
  87. Kris-Etherton PM, Harris WS, Appel LJ, American Heart Association – Nutrition Committee. Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease. 2002. Circulation 106(21):2747-57.
  88. Kritchevsky SB, Tell GS, Shimakawa T, Dennis B, Li R, Kohlmeier L, Steere E, Heiss G. Provitamin A carotenoid intake and carotid artery plaques: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. 1998. Am J Clin Nutr 68(3):726-33.
  89. Kugiyama K, Motoyama T, Doi H, Kawano H, Hirai N, Soejima H, Miyao Y, Takazoe K, Moriyama Y, Mizuno Y, Tsunoda R, Ogawa H, Sakamoto T, Sugiyama S, Yasue H. Improvement of endothelial vasomotor dysfunction by treatment with alpha-tocopherol in patients with high remnant lipoproteins levels. 1999. J Am Coll Cardiol 33:1512-8.
  90. Kushi LH, Folsom AR, Prineas RJ, Mink PJ, Wu Y, Bostick RM. Dietary antioxidant vitamins and death from coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. 1996. N Engl J Med 334(18):1156-62.
  91. Langsjoen PH, Langsjoen AM. Overview of the use of CoQ10 in cardiovascular disease. 1999. BioFactors 9:273-84.
  92. Leaf A, Kang JX, Xiao YF, Billman GE. n-3 fatty acids in the prevention of cardiac arrhythmias. 1999. Lipids 34 Suppl:S187-9.
  93. Lee BJ, Huang MC, Chung LJ, Cheng CH, Lin KL, Su KH, Huang YC. Folic acid and vitamin B12 are more effective than vitamin B6 in lowering fasting plasma homocysteine concentration in patients with coronary artery disease. 2004. Eur J Clin Nutr 58(3):481-7.
  94. Lee JH, O’Keefe JH, Bell D, Hensrud DD, Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency an important, common, and easily treatable cardiovascular risk factor?. 2008. J Am Coll Cardiol 52(24):1949-56.
  95. Leppala JM, Virtamo J, Fogelholm R, Albanes D, Heinonen OP. Different risk factors for different stroke subtypes: association of blood pressure, cholesterol, and antioxidants. 1999. Stroke 30(12):2535-40.
  96. Leppala JM, Virtamo J, Fogelholm R, Albanes D, Taylor PR, Heinonen OP. Vitamin E and beta carotene supplementation in high risk for stroke: a subgroup analysis of the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study. 2000. Arch Neurol 57(10):1503-9.
  97. Levine GN, Frei B, Koulouris SN, Gerhard MD, Keaney JF, Vita JA. Ascorbic acid reverses endothelial vasomotor dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease. 1996. Circulation 93(6):1107-13.
  98. Levy AP, Friedenberg P, Lotan R, Ouyang P, Tripputi M, Higginson L, Cobb FR, Tardif JC, Bittner V, Howard BV. The effect of vitamin therapy on the progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis varies by haptoglobin type in postmenopausal women. 2004. Diabetes Care 27(4):925-30.
  99. Levy, M. A., McKinnon, T., Goldfine, H., Enomoto, A., Schneider, E., & Cuomo, J. (2019). Consumption of a multivitamin/multimineral supplement for 4 weeks improves nutritional status and markers of cardiovascular health. Journal of Functional Foods, 62, 103511.
  100. Lindeman RD, Romero LJ, Koehler KM, Liang HC, LaRue A, Baumgartner RN, Garry PJ. Serum vitamin B12, C and folate concentrations in the New Mexico Elder Health Survey: Correlations with cognitive and affective functions. 2000. J Am Coll Nutr 19(1):68-76.
  101. Losonczy KG, Harris TB, Havlik RJ. Vitamin E and vitamin C supplement use and risk of all-cause and coronary heart dis-ease mortality in older persons: the established populations for epidemiologic studies of the elderly. 1996. Am J Clin Nutr 64(2):190-6.
  102. Major GC, Alarie F, Doré J, Phouttama S, Tremblay A.  Supplementation with calcium + vitamin D enhances the beneficial effect of weight loss on plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations.  2007. AJCN 85(1): 54-9.
  103. Malinow MR, Nieto FJ, Kruger WD, Duell PB, Hess DL, Gluckman RA, Block PC, Holzgang CR, Anderson PH, Seltzer D, Upson B, Lin QR. The effects of folic acid supplementation on plasma total homocysteine are modulated by multivitamin use and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase genotypes. 1997. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 17(6):1157-62.
  104. Maresta A, Balduccelli M, Varani E, Marzilli M, Falli C, Heiman F, DStat, Lavezzari M, Stragliotto E, De Caterina R. Prevention of postcoronary angioplasty restenosis by omega-3 fatty acids: Main results of the Esapent for Prevention of Restenosis Italian Study (ESPRIT). 2002. Am Heart J 143:e5.
  105. Mazidi, M., Karimi, E., Rezaie, P., & Vatanparast, H. (2017). The impact of vitamin D supplement intake on vascular endothelial function; a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Food & Nutrition Research, 61(1), 1273574.
  106. McKay DL, Perrone G, Rasmussen H, Dallal G, Blumberg JB. Multivitamin/mineral supplementation improves plasma B-vitamin status and homocysteine concentration in healthy older adults consuming a folate-fortified diet. 2000. J Nutr 130(12):3090-6.
  107. Marta Guasch-Ferré et al. Dietary Magnesium Intake Is Inversely Associated with Mortality in Adults at High Cardiovascular Risk. J Nutr. 2014 Jan;144(1):55-60.
  108. McKinley MC, McNulty H, McPartlin J, Strain JJ, Pentieva K, Ward M, Weir DG, Scott JM. Low-dose vitamin B-6 effectively lowers fasting plasma homocysteine in healthy elderly persons who are folate and riboflavin replete. 2001. Am J Clin Nutr 73(4):759-64.
  109. Merchant AT, Hu FB, Spiegelman D, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Ascherio A. The use of B vitamin supplements and peripheral arterial disease risk in men are inversely related. 2003. J Nutr 133(9):2863-7.
  110. Meyer F, Bairati I, Dagenais GR. Lower ischemic heart disease incidence and mortality among vitamin supplement users. 1996. Can J Cardiol 12(10):930-4.
  111. Michos ED, Melamed ML. Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease risk. 2008. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 11(1):7-12.
  112. Mietus-Snyder M, Malloy MJ. Endothelial dysfunction occurs in children with two genetic hyperlipidemias: improvement with antioxidant vitamin therapy. 1998. J Pediatr 133(1):35-40.
  113. Morris, CD, Carson, S. Routine vitamin supplementation to prevent cardiovascular disease: a summary of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. 2003. Ann Intern Med 139:56-70.
  114. Morris MC, Sacks F, Rosner B. Does fish oil lower blood pressure? A meta-analysis of controlled trials. 1993. Circulation 88(2):523-33.
  115. Mosca L, Rubenfire M, Mandel C, Rock C, Tarshis T, Tsai A, Pearson T. Antioxidant nutrient supplementation reduces the susceptibility of low density lipoprotein to oxidation in patients with coronary artery disease. 1997. J Am Coll Cardiol 30(2):392-9.
  116. Motoyama T, Kawano H, Kugiyama K, Hirashima O, Ohgushi M, Tsunoda R, Moriyama Y, Miyao Y, Yoshimura M, Ogawa H, Yasue H. Vitamin E administration improves impairment of endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with coronary spastic angina. 1998. J Am Coll Cardiol 32:1672-9.
  117. Mottram P, Shige H, Nestel P. Vitamin E improves arterial compliance in middle-aged men and women. 1999. Atherosclerosis 145(2):399-404.
  118. Nallamothu BK, Fendrick AM, Rubenfire M, Saint S, Bandekar RR, Omenn GS. Potential clinical and economic effects of homocyst(e)ine lowering. 2000. Arch Intern Med 160(22):3406-12.
  119. Ness A, Sterne J. Hypertension and ascorbic acid. 2000. Lancet 355(9211):1271; discussion 1273-4.
  120. Neunteufl T, Kostner K, Katzenschlager R, Zehetgruber M, Maurer G, Weidinger F. Additional benefit of vitamin E supplementation to simvastatin therapy on vasoreactivity of the brachial artery of hypercholesterolemic men. 1998. J Am Coll Cardiol 32(3):711-6.
  121. Neunteufl T, Priglinger U, Heher S, Zehetgruber M, Soregi G, Lehr S, Huber K, Maurer G, Weidinger F, Kostner K. Effects of vitamin E on chronic and acute endothelial dysfunction in smokers. 2000. J Am Coll Cardiol 35:277-83.
  122. Nitta K. Impact of Vitamin D Metabolism on Cardiovascular Disease. International Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2011;02(05):531–537.
  123. Oliver, J. M., Stoner, L., Rowlands, D. S., Caldwell, A. R., Sanders, E., Kreutzer, A., … & Jäger, R. (2016). Novel form of curcumin improves endothelial function in young, healthy individuals: a double-blind placebo controlled study. Journal of nutrition and metabolism, 2016.
  124. Osganian SK, Stampfer MJ, Rimm E, Spiegelman D, Hu FB, Manson JE, Willett WC. Vitamin C and risk of coronary heart disease in women. 2003. J Am Coll Cardiol 42(2):246-52.
  125. Pfeifer M, Begerow B, Minne HW, Nachtigall D, Hansen C. Effects of a short-term vitamin D(3) and calcium supplementation on blood pressure and parathyroid hormone levels in elderly women. 2001. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86(4):1633-7.
  126. Pilz S, Dobnig H, Fischer JE, Wellnitz B, Seelhorst U, Boehm BO, März W. Low vitamin d levels predict stroke in patients referred to coronary angiography. 2008. Stroke 39(9):2611-3.
  127. Pilz S, März W, Wellnitz B, Seelhorst U, Fahrleitner-Pammer A, Dimai HP, Boehm BO, Dobnig H. Association of vitamin D deficiency with heart failure and sudden cardiac death in a large cross-sectional study of patients referred for coronary angiography. 2008. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93(10):3927-35.
  128. Plotnick GD, Corretti MC, Vogel RA. Effect of antioxidant vitamins on the transient impairment of endothelium-dependent brachial artery vasoactivity following a single high-fat meal. 1997. JAMA 278(20):1682-6.
  129. Porkkala-Sarataho EK, Nyyssonen MK, Kaikkonen JE, Poulsen HE, Hayn EM, Salonen RM, Salonen JT. A randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the effects of 200 mg alpha-tocopherol on the oxidation resistance of atherogenic lipoproteins. 1998. Am J Clin Nutr 68(5):1034-41.
  130. Pryor WA. Vitamin E and heart disease: basic science to clinical intervention trials. 2000. Free Radic Biol Med 28(1):141-64.
  131. Quinlivan EP, McPartlin J, McNulty H, Ward M, Strain JJ, Weir DG, Scott JM. Importance of both folic acid and vitamin B12 in reduction of risk of vascular disease. 2002. Lancet 359(9302):227-8.
  132. Rapola JM, Virtamo J, Haukka JK, Heinonen OP, Albanes D, Taylor PR, Huttunen JK. Effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of angina pectoris. A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. 1996. JAMA 275(9):693-8.
  133. Raitakari OT, Adams MR, McCredie RJ, Griffiths KA, Stocker R, Celermajer DS. Oral vitamin C and endothelial function in smokers: short-term improvement, but no sustained beneficial effect. 2000. J Am Coll Cardiol 35:1616-21.
  134. Reid IR, Mason B, Horne A, Ames R, Clearwater J, Bava U, Orr-Walker B, Wu F, Evans MC, Gamble GD. Effects of calcium supplementation on serum lipid concentrations in normal older women: a randomized controlled trial. 2002. Am J Med 112(5):343-7.
  135. Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ. The role of antioxidants in preventive cardiology. 1997. Curr Opin Cardiol 12(2):188-94.
  136. Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Ascherio A, Giovannucci E, Colditz GA, Willett WC. Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary heart disease in men. 1993. N Engl J Med 328(20):1450-6.
  137. Rimm EB, Willett WC, Hu FB, Sampson L, Colditz GA, Manson JE, Hennekens C, Stampfer MJ. Folate and vitamin B6 from diet and supplements in relation to risk of coronary heart disease among women. 1998. JAMA 279(5):359-64.
  138. Rosenfeldt FL, Pepe S, Linnane A, Nagley P, Rowland M, Ou R, Marasco S, Lyon W, Esmore D. Coenzyme Q10 protects the aging heart against stress: studies in rats, human tissues, and patients. 2002. Ann N Y Acad Sci 959:355-9, 463-5.
  139. Rossig L, Hoffmann J, Hugel B, Mallat Z, Haase A, Freyssinet JM, Tedgui A, Aicher A, Zeiher AM, Dimmeler S. Vitamin C inhibits endothelial cell apoptosis in congestive heart failure. 2001. Circulation 104:2182-7.
  140. Rydlewicz A, Simpson JA, Taylor RJ, Bond CM, Golden MN. The effect of folic acid supplementation on plasma homocysteine in an elderly population. 2002. QJM 95(1):27-35.
  141. Sacks FM, Stone PH, Gibson CM, Silverman DI, Rosner B, Pasternak RC. Controlled trial of fish oil for regression of human coronary atherosclerosis. 1995. J Am Coll Cardiol 25:1492-8.
  142. Sarter B. Coenzyme Q10 and cardiovascular disease: a review. 2002. J Cardiovasc Nurs 16(4):9-20.
  143. Schnyder G, Roffi M, Flammer Y, Pin R, Hess OM. Effect of homocysteine-lowering therapy with folic acid, vitamin B12, and vitamin B6 on clinical outcome after percutaneous coronary intervention: the Swiss Heart study: a randomized controlled trial. 2002. JAMA 288(8):973-9.
  144. Schnyder G, Roffi M, Pin R, Flammer Y, Lange H, Eberli FR, Meier B, Turi ZG, Hess OM. Decreased rate of coronary restenosis after lowering of plasma homocysteine levels. 2001. N Engl J Med 345(22):1593-1600.
  145. Seljeflot I, Arnesen H, Brude IR, Nenseter MS, Drevon CA, Hjermann I. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids and/or antioxidants on endothelial cell markers. 1998. Eur J Clin Invest 28:629-35.
  146. Simons LA, von Konigsmark M, Simons J, Stocker R, Celermajer DS. Vitamin E ingestion does not improve arterial endothelial dysfunction in older adults. 1999. Atherosclerosis 143:193-9.
  147. Singh RB, Niaz MA, Sharma JP, Kumar R, Rastogi V, Moshiri M. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of fish oil and mustard oil in patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction: the Indian experiment of infarct survival – 4. 1997. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 11:485-91.
  148. Skyrme-Jones RA, O’Brien RC, Berry KL, Meredith IT. Vitamin E supplementation improves endothelial function in type I diabetes mellitus: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. 2000. J Am Coll Cardiol 36(1):94-102.
  149. Spence JD, Bang H, Chambless LE, Stampfer MJ. Vitamin intervention for stroke prevention trial: an efficacy analysis. 2005. Stroke 36(11):2404-9.
  150. Stampfer MJ, Hennekens CH, Manson JE, Colditz GA, Rosner B, Willett WC. Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary disease in women. 1993. N Engl J Med 328(20):1444-9.
  151. Stampfer MJ, Rimm EB. Epidemiologic evidence for vitamin E in prevention of cardiovascular disease. 1995. Am J Clin Nutr 62(6 Suppl):1365S-9S.
  152. Steinberg FM, Chait A. Antioxidant vitamin supplementation and lipid peroxidation in smokers. 1998. Am J Clin Nutr 68(2):319-27.
  153. Steiner M, Glantz M, Lekos A. Vitamin E plus aspirin compared with aspirin alone in patients with transient ischemic attacks. 1995. Am J Clin Nutr 62(suppl):1381S-4S.
  154. Stephens NG, Parsons A, Schofield PM, Kelly F, Cheeseman K, Mitchinson MJ. Randomised controlled trial of vitamin E in patients with coronary disease: Cambridge Heart Antioxidant Study. 1996. Lancet 347(9004):781-6.
  155. Studer M, Briel M, Leimenstoll B, Glass TR, Bucher HC. Effect of different antilipidemic agents and diets on mortality: a systematic review. 2005. Arch Intern Med 165(7):725-30.
  156. Suzuki-Sugihara, N., Kishimoto, Y., Saita, E., Taguchi, C., Kobayashi, M., Ichitani, M., & … Kondo, K. (2016). Green tea catechins prevent low-density lipoprotein oxidation via their accumulation in low-density lipoprotein particles in humans. Nutrition Research, 36(1), 16-23.
  157. Thambyrajah J, Landray MJ, McGlynn FJ, Jones HJ, Wheeler DC, Townend JN. Does folic acid decrease plasma homocysteine and improve endothelial function in patients with predialysis renal failure?. 2000. Circulation 102:871-5.
  158. Thies F, Garry JM, Yaqoob P, Rerkasem K, Williams J, Shearman CP, Gallagher PJ, Calder PC, Grimble RF. Association of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids with stability of atherosclerotic plaques: a randomized controlled trial. 2003. Lancet 361(9356):477-85.
  159. Thomas VL, Gropper SS. Effect of chromium nicotinic acid supplementation on selected cardiovascular disease risk factors. 1996. Biol Trace Elem Res 55(3):297-305.
  160. Title LM, Cummings PM, Giddens K, Genest JJ Jr, Nassar BA. Effect of folic acid and antioxidant vitamins on endothelial dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease. 2000. J Am Coll Cardiol 36(3):758-65.
  161. Toole JF, Malinow MR, Chambless LE, Spence JD, Pettigrew LC, Howard VJ, Sides EG, Wang CH, Stampfer M. Lowering homocysteine in patients with ischemic stroke to prevent recurrent stroke, myocardial infarction, and death: the Vitamin Intervention for Stroke Prevention (VISP) randomized controlled trial. 2004. JAMA 291(5):565-75.
  162. Ubbink JB, Vermaak WJ, van der Merwe A, Becker PJ. Vitamin B-12, vitamin B-6, and folate nutritional status in men with hyperhomocysteinemia. 1993. Am J Clin Nutr 57(1):47-53.
  163. Usui M, Matsuoka H, Miyazaki H, Ueda S, Okuda S, Imaizumi T. Endothelial dysfunction by acute hyperhomocyst(e)inaemia: restoration by folic acid. 1999. Clin Sci (Colch) 96:235-9.
  164. Van den Berg M, Boers GH, Franken DG, Blom HJ, Van Kamp GJ, Jakobs C, Rauwerda JA, Kluft C, Stehouwert CD. Hyperhomocysteinaemia and endothelial dysfunction in young patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease. 1995. Eur J Clin Invest 25:176-81.
  165. Van den Berg M, Franken DG, Boers GH, Blom HJ, Jakobs C, Stehouwer CD, Rauwerda JA. Combined vitamin B6 plus folic acid therapy in young patients with arteriosclerosis and hyperhomocysteinemia. 1994. J Vasc Surg 20(6):933-40.
  166. Van Guelpen B, Hultdin J, Johansson I, Stegmayr B, Hallmans G, Nilsson TK, Weinehall L, Witthoft C, Palmqvist R, Winkvist A. Folate, vitamin B12, and risk of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke: a prospective, nested case-referent study of plasma concentrations and dietary intake. 2005. Stroke 36(7):1426-31.
  167. Venn BJ, Green TJ, Moser R, Mann JI. Comparison of the effect of low-dose supplementation with L-5methyltetrahydrofolate or folic acid on plasma homocysteine: a randomized placebo-controlled study. 2003. Am J Clin Nutr 77(3):658-62.
  168. Venn BJ, Mann JI, Williams SM, Riddell LJ, Chisholm A, Harper MJ, Aitken W, Rossaak JI. Assessment of three levels of folic acid on serum folate and plasma homocysteine: a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind dietary intervention trial. 2002. Eur J Clin Nutr 56(8):748-54.
  169. Verhaar MC, Wever RM, Kastelein JJ, van Loon D, Milstien S, Koomans HA, Rabelink TJ. Effects of oral folic acid supplementation on endothelial function in familial hypercholesterolemia. A randomized placebo-controlled trial. 1999. Circulation 100:335-8.
  170. Vermeulen EG, Stehouwer CD, Twisk JW, van den Berg M, de Jong SC, Mackaay AJ, van Campen CM, Visser FC, Jakobs CA, Bulterjis EJ, Rauwerda JA. Effect of homocysteine-lowering treatment with folic acid plus vitamin B6 on progression of subclinical atherosclerosis: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. 2000. Lancet 355(9203):517-22.
  171. Vermeulen EG, Stehouwer CD, Valk J, van der Knaap M, van den Berg M, Twisk JW, Prevoo W, Rauwerda JA. Effect of homocysteine-lowering treatment with folic acid plus vitamin B on cerebrovascular atherosclerosis and white matter abnormalities as determined by MRA and MRI: a placebo-controlled, randomized trial. 2004. Eur J Clin Invest 34(4):256-61.
  172. Vivekananthan DP, Penn MS, Sapp SK, Hsu A, Topol EJ. Use of antioxidant vitamins for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of randomized trials. 2003. Lancet 361:2017-23.
  173. Von Schacky C, Angerer P, Kothny W, Theisen K, Mudra H. The effect of dietary w-3 fatty acids on coronary atherosclerosis. 1999. Ann Intern Med 130:554-62.
  174. Wald DS, Bishop L, Wald NJ, Law M, Hennessy E, Weir D, McPartlin J, Scott J. Randomized trial of folic acid supplementation and serum homocysteine levels. 2001. Arch Intern Med 161:695-700.
  175. Wang L, Manson JE, Buring JE, Lee IM, Sesso HD. Dietary intake of dairy products, calcium, and vitamin D and the risk of hypertension in middle-aged and older women. 2008. Hypertension 51(4):1073-9.
  176. Wang L, Manson JE, Song Y, Sesso HD. Systematic review: Vitamin D and calcium supplementation in prevention of cardiovascular events. 2010. Ann Intern Med 152(5):315-23.
  177. Wang TJ, Pencina MJ, Booth SL, Jacques PF, Ingelsson E, Lanier K, Benjamin EJ, D’Agostino RB, Wolf M, Vasan RS. Vitamin D deficiency and risk of cardiovascular disease. 2008. Circulation 117(4):503-11.
  178. Waters DD, Alderman EL, Hsia J, Howard BV, Cobb FR, Rogers WJ, Ouyang P, Thompson P, Tardif JC, Higginson L, Bittner V, Steffes M, Gordon DJ, Proschan M, Younes N, Verter JI. Effects of hormone replacement therapy and antioxidant vitamin supplements on coronary atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. 2002. JAMA 288(19):2432-40.
  179. Watts GF, Playford DA, Croft KD, Ward NC, Mori TA, Berke V. Coenzyme Q(10) improves endothelial dysfunction of the brachial artery in Type II diabetes mellitus. 2002. Diabetologia 45(3):420-6.
  180. Weber C, Erl W, Weber K, Weber PC. Increased adhesiveness of isolated monocytes to endothelium is prevented by vitamin C intake in smokers. 1996. Circulation 93:1488-92.
  181. Weber KT, Simpson RU, Carbone LD. Vitamin D and calcium dyshomoeostasis-associated heart failure. 2008. Heart 94(5):540-1.
  182. Wijendran V, Hayes KC. Dietary n-6 and n-3 fatty acid balance and cardiovascular health. 2004. Annu Rev Nutr 24:597-615.
  183. Wilmink HW, Stroes ESG, Erkelens WD, Gerritsen WB, Wever R, Banga JD, Rabelink TJ. Influence of folic acid on postprandial endothelial dysfunction. 2000. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 20(1):185-8.
  184. Wink J, Giacoppe G, King J. Effect of very-low-dose niacin on high-density lipoprotein in patients undergoing long-term statin therapy. 2002. Am Heart J 143(3):514-8.
  185. Witham MD, Crighton LJ, Gillespie ND, Struthers AD, McMurdo ME. The effects of vitamin D supplementation on physical function and quality of life in older patients with heart failure: a randomized controlled trial. 2010. Circ Heart Fail 3(2):195-201.
  186. Witte KKA, Nikitin NP, Parker AC, von Haehling S, Volk HD, Anker SD, Clark AL, Cleland JGF. The effect of micronutrient supplementation on quality-of-life and left ventricular function in elderly patients with chronic heart failure. 2005. European Heart J 26:2238-44.
  187. Wolak, T., Sharoni, Y., Levy, J., Linnewiel-Hermoni, K., Stepensky, D., & Paran, E. (2019). Effect of Tomato Nutrient Complex on Blood Pressure: A Double Blind, Randomized Dose–Response Study. Nutrients, 11(5), 950.
  188. Woo KS, Chook P, Lolin YI, Sanderson JE, Metreweli C, Celermajer DS. Folic acid improves arterial endothelial function in adults with hyperhomocystinemia. 1999. J Am Coll Cardiol 34:2002-6.
  189. Woodside JV, Yarnell JW, McMaster D, Young IS, Harmon DL, McCrum EE, Patterson CC, Gey KF, Whitehead AS, Evans A. Effect of B-group vitamins and antioxidant vitamins on hyperhomocysteinemia: a double-blind, randomized, factorial-design, controlled trial. 1998. Am J Clin Nutr 67(5):858-66.
  190. Wu JM, Wang ZR, Hsieh TC, Bruder JL, Zou JG, Huang YZ. Mechanism of cardioprotection by resveratrol, a phenolic antioxidant present in red wine (Review). 2001. Int J Mold Med 8(1):3-17.
  191. Ye Z, Song H. Antioxidant vitamins intake and the risk of coronary heart disease: meta-analysis of cohort studies. 2008. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 15(1):26-34.
  192. Yochum LA, Folsom AR, Kushi LH. Intake of antioxidant vitamins and risk of death from stroke in postmenopausal women. 2000. Am J Clin Nutr 72(2):476-83.
  193. Yusuf S, Dagenais G, Pogue J, Bosch J, Sleight P. Vitamin E supplementation and cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The heart outcomes prevention evaluation study investigators. 2000. N Engl J Med 342(3):154-60.
  194. Zhang, X., Li, Y., Del Gobbo, L. C., Rosanoff, A., Wang, J., Zhang, W., & Song, Y. (2016). Effects of magnesium supplementation on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trials. Hypertension, 68(2), 324-333.
  195. Zureik M, Galan P, Bertrais S, Mennen L, Czernichow S, Blacher J, Ducimetiere P, Hercberg S. Effects of long-term daily low-dose supplementation with antioxidant vitamins and minerals on structure and function of large arteries. 2004. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 24(8):1485-91.
  1. Adams J, Pepping J. Vitamin K in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis and arterial calcification. 2005. Am J Health Syst Pharm 62(15):1574-81.
  2. Alekel DL, St Germain A, Peterson CT, Hanson KB, Stewart JW, Toda T. Isoflavone-rich soy protein isolate attenuates bone loss in the lumbar spine of perimenopausal women. 2000. AJCN 72(3):844-52.
  3. Allen SC, Raut S. Biochemical recovery time scales in elderly patients with osteomalacia. 2004. J R Soc Med 97(11): 527-30
  4. Barnes MS, Robson PJ, Bonham MP, Strain JJ, Wallace JM. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on vitamin D status and bone turnover markers in young adults. 2006. Eur J Clin Nutr 60:727-33.
  5. Bikle DD. Role of vitamin D, its metabolites, and analogs in the management of osteoporosis. 1994. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 20(3):759-75.
  6. Binkley NC, Krueger DC, Kawahara TN, Engelke JA, Chappell RJ, Suttie JW. A high phylloquinone intake is required to achieve maximal osteocalcin gamma-carboxylation. 2002. Am J Clin Nutr 76(5):1055-60.
  7. Binkley NC, Suttie JW. Vitamin K nutrition and osteoporosis. 1995. J Nutr 125(7):1812-21.
  8. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Willett WC, Wong JB, Giovannucci E, Dietrich T, Dawson-Hughes B. Fracture prevention with vitamin D supplementation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. 2005. JAMA 293(18):2257-64.
  9. Bolton-Smith C, McMurdo MET, Paterson CR, Mole PA, Harvey JM, Fenton ST, Prynne CJ, Mishra GD, Shearer MJ. Two-Year Randomized Controlled Trial of Vitamin K1 (Phylloquinone) and Vitamin D3 Plus Calcium on the Bone Health of Older Women. 2007. J Bone Min Res 22(4):509-19.
  10. Bonjour JP, Chevalley T, Ammann P, Slosman D, Rizzoli R. Gain in bone mineral mass in prepubertal girls 3-5 years after discontinuation of calcium supplementation: a follow-up study. 2001. Lancet 358:1208-12.
  11. Braham R, Dawson B, Goodman C, McNaughton L. The effect of glucosamine supplementation on people experiencing regular knee pain. 2003. Br J Sports Med 37(1):45–9.
  12. Brownbill RA, Petrosian M, Ilich JZ. Association between dietary conjugated linoleic acid and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. 2005. J Am Coll Nutr 24(3):177-81.
  13. Bruyere O, Pavelka K, Rovati LC, Deroisy R, Olejarova M, Gatterova J, Giacovelli G, Reginster JY. Glucosamine sulfate reduces osteoarthritis progression in postmenopausal women with knee osteoarthritis: evidence from two 3-year studies. 2004. Menopause 11(2):138-43.
  14. Buckley LM, Hillner BE. A cost effectiveness analysis of calcium and vitamin D supplementation, etidronate, and alendronate in the prevention of vertebral fractures in women treated with glucocorticoids. 2003. J Rheumatol 30(1):132-8.
  15. Cameron MA, Paton LM, Nowson CA, Margerison C, Frame M, Wark JD. The effect of calcium supplementation on bone density in premenarcheal females: a co-twin approach. 2004. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89(10):4916-22.
  16. Chapuy MC, Arlot ME, Duboeuf F, Brun J, Crouzet B, Arnaud S, Delmas PD, Meunier PJ. Vitamin D3 and calcium to prevent hip fractures in the elderly women. 1992. N Engl J Med 327(23):1637-42.
  17. Chapuy MC, Pamphile R, Paris E, Kempf C, Schlichting M, Arnaud S, Garnero P, Meunier PJ. Combined calcium and vitamin D3 supplementation in elderly women: confirmation of reversal of secondary hyperparathyroidism and hip fracture risk: the Decalyos II study. 2002. Osteoporos Int 13(3):257-64.
  18. Cheng S, Lyytikäinen A, Kröger H, Lamberg-Allardt C, Alén, Koistinen A, Wang QJ, Suuriniemi M, Suominen H, Mahonen A, Nicholson PHF, Ivaska KK, Korpela R, Ohlsson C, Väänänen KH, Tylavsky F. Effects of calcium, dairy product, and vitamin D supplementation on bone mass accrual and body composition in 10-12 year old girls: a 2-y randomized trial. 2005. Am J Clin Nutr 82:1115-26.
  19. Chevalley T, Bonjour JP, Ferrari S, Hans D, Rizzoli R. Skeletal site selectivity in the effects of calcium supplementation on areal bone mineral density gain: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in prepubertal boys. 2005. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90(6):3342-9.
  20. Cooper L, Clifton-Bligh PB, Nery ML, Figtree G, Twigg S, Hibbert E, Robinson BG. Vitamin D supplementation and bone mineral density in early postmenopausal women. 2003. Am J Clin Nutr 77(5):1324-9.
  21. Cumming RG, Nevitt MC. Calcium for prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women. 1997. J Bone Miner Res 12(9):1321-9.
  22. Curtis CL, Hughes CE, Flannery CR, Little CB, Harwood JL, Caterson B. n-3 Fatty Acids Specifically Modulate Catabolic Factors Involved in Articular Cartilage Degradation. 2000. J Biol Chem 275(2):721-4.
  23. Curtis CL, Rees SG, Cramp J, Flannery CR, Hughes CE, Little CB, Williams R, Wilson C, Dent CM, Harwood JL, Caterson B. Effects of n-3 fatty acids on cartilage metabolism. 2002. Proc Nutr Soc 61(3):381-9.
  24. Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS, Krall EA, Dallal GE. Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone density in men and women 65 years of age or older. 1997. N Engl J Med 337(10):670-6.
  25. Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS, Krall EA, Dallal GE, Falconer G, Green CL. Rates of bone loss in postmenopausal women randomly assigned to one of two dosages of vitamin D. 1995. Am J Clin Nutr 61(5):1140-5.
  26. Dawson-Hughes B, Dallal GE, Krall EA, Harris S, Sokoll LJ, Falconer G. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on wintertime and overall bone loss in healthy postmenopausal women. 1991. Ann Intern Med 115(7):505-12.
  27. Dawson-Hughes B, Dallal GE, Krall EA, Sadowski L, Sahyoun N, Tannenbaum S. A controlled trial of the effect of calcium supplementation on bone density in postmenopausal women. 1990. N Engl J Med 323(13):878-83.
  28. Dietrich T, Joshipura KJ, Dawson-Hughes B, Bischoff-Ferrari HA. Association between serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and periodontal disease in the US population. 2004. Am J Clin Nutr 80:108–13.
  29. Dodiuk-Gad RP, Rozen GS, Rennert G, Rennert HS, Ish-Shalom S. Sustained effect of short-term calcium supplementation on bone mass in adolescent girls with low calcium intake. 2005. AJCN 81(1):168-74.
  30. Fang Fang Zhang and Sarah Booth. Low Vitamin D Linked to Osteoarthritis. AgResearch Magazine July 2015. Vol. 63 No. 7.
  31. Farina EK, Kiel DP, Roubenoff R, Schaefer EJ, Cupples LA, Tucker KL. Protective effects of fish intake and interactive effects of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid intakes on hip bone mineral density in older adults: the Framingham Osteoporosis Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;93(5):1142-51.
  32. Feskanich D, Singh V, Willett WC, Colditz GA. Vitamin A intake and hip fractures among postmenopausal women. 2002. JAMA 287(1):47-54.
  33. Feskanich D, Willett WC, Colditz GA. Calcium, vitamin D, milk consumption, and hip fractures: a prospective study among postmenopausal women. 2003. Am J Clin Nutr 77(2):504-11.
  34. Fraser DR. Vitamin D-deficiency in Asia. 2004. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 89-90(1-5):491-5.
  35. Gennari C. Calcium and vitamin D nutrition and bone disease of the elderly. 2001. Public Health Nutr 4(2B):547-59.
  36. Going S, Lohman T, Houtkooper L, Metcalfe L, Flint-Wagner H, Blew R, Stanford V, Cussler E, Martin J, Teixeira P, Harris M, Milliken L, Figueroa-Galvez A, Weber J. Effects of exercise on bone mineral density in calcium-replete postmenopausal women with and without hormone replacement therapy. 2003. Osteoporos Int 14(8):637-43.
  37. Grant AM, Avenell A, Campbell MK, McDonald AM, MacLennan GS, McPherson GC, Anderson FH, Cooper C, Francis RM, Donaldson C, Gillespie WJ, Robinson CM, Torgerson DJ, Wallace WA, RECORD Trial Group. Oral vitamin D3 and calcium for secondary prevention of low-trauma fractures in elderly people (Randomised Evaluation of Calcium Or vitamin D, RECORD): a randomized placebo-controlled trial. 2005. Lancet 365(9471):1621-8.
  38. Greene DA, Naughton GA. Calcium and vitamin-D supplementation on bone structural properties in peripubertal female identical twins: a randomised controlled trial. 2010. Osteoporos Int [Epub ahead of print].
  39. Greenspan SL, Resnick NM, Parker RA. Vitamin D supplementation in older women. 2005. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 60(6):754-9.
  40. Gulati S, Sharma RK, Gulati K, Singh U, Srivastava A. Longitudinal follow-up of bone mineral density in children with nephritic syndrome and the role of calcium and vitamin D supplements. 2005. Nephrol Dial Transplant 20(8):1598-603.
  41. Haney EM, Stadler D, Bliziotes MM. Vitamin D insufficiency in internal medicine residents. 2005. Calcif Tissue Int 76(1):11-6.
  42. Hanley DA, Cranney A, Jones G, Whiting SJ, Leslie WD, Cole DEC, Atkinson SA, Josse RG, Feldman S, Kline GA, Rosen C. Vitamin D in adult health and disease: a review and guideline statement from Osteoporosis Canada. 2010. CMAJ 182(12):E610-8.
  43. Harris S, Dawson-Hughes B. Rates of change in bone mineral density of the spine, heel, femoral, neck and radius in healthy postmenopausal women. 1992. Bone Miner 17(1):87-95.
  44. Harwood RH, Sahota O, Gaynor K, Masud T, Hosking DJ, The Nottingham Neck of Femur (NONOF) Study. A randomized, controlled comparison of different calcium and vitamin D supplementation regimens in elderly women after hip fracture: The Nottingham Neck of Femur (NONOF) Study. 2004. Age Ageing 33(1):45-51.
  45. Heaney RP. Bone health. 2007. Am J Clin Nutr 85(suppl):300S-3S.
  46. Heaney RP. Nutritional factors in osteoporosis. 1993. Annu Rev Nutr 13:287-316.
  47. Hesselink, J. M., & Russell, A. L. (2017). The Role of Boron Salts in the Treatment of Symptoms in Osteoartrosis: Presentation of 2 Cases. The Role of Boron Salts in the Treatment of Symptoms in Osteoartrosis: Presentation of 2 Cases, 2(2), 2-5.
  48. Hunter D, Major P, Arden N, Swaminathan R, Andrew T, MacGregor AJ, Keen R, Snieder H, Spector TD. A randomized controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation on preventing postmenopausal bone loss and modifying bone metabolism using identical twin pairs. 2000. J Bone Miner Res 15(11):2276-83.
  49. Hyun TH, Barrett-Connor E, Milne DB. Zinc intakes and plasma concentrations in men with osteoporosis: the Rancho Bernardo Study. 2004. AJCN 80(3):715-21.
  50. Ilich JZ, Kerstetter JE. Nutrition in Bone Health Revisited: A Story Beyond Calcium. 2000. JACN 19(6):715-37.
  51. Jackson RD, LaCroix AZ, Gass M, Wallace RB, Robbins J, Lewis CE, Bassford T, Beresford SAA, Black HR, Blanchette P, Bonds DE, Brunner RL, Brzyski RG, Caan B, Cauley JA, Chlebowski RT, Cummings SR, Granek I, Hays J, Heiss G, Hendrix SL, Howard BV, Hsia J, Hubbell FA, Johnson KC, Judd H, Kotchen JM, Kuller LH, Langer RD, Lasser NL, Limacher MC, Ludlam S, Manson JE, Margolis KL, McGowan J, Ockene JK, O’Sullivan MJ, Phillips L, Prentice RL, Sarto GE, Stefanick ML, Van Horn L, Wactawski-Wende J, Whitlock E, Anderson GL, Assaf AR, Barad D. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures. 2006. N Engl J Med 354(7):669-83.
  52. Javaid MK, Crozier SR, Harvey NC, Gale CR, Dennison EM, Boucher BJ, Arden NK, Godfrey KM, Cooper C; Princess Anne Hospital Study Group. Maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy and childhood bone mass at age 9 years: a longitudinal study. 2006. Lancet 367(9504):36-43.
  53. Johnston CC Jr, Miller JZ, Slemenda CW, Reister TK, Hui S, Christian JC, Peacock M. Calcium supplementation and increases in bone mineral density in children. 1992. N Engl J Med 327(2):82-7.
  54. Jugdaohsingh R, Tucker KL, Qiao N, Cupples LA, Kiel DP, Powell JJ. Dietary silicon intake is positively associated with bone mineral density in men and premenopausal women of the Framingham Offspring Cohort. 2004. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 19(2):297-307.
  55. Lambert HL, Eastell R, Karnik K, Russell JM, Barker ME. Calcium supplementation and bone mineral accretion in adolescent girls: an 18-mo randomized controlled trial with 2-y follow-up. 2008. Am J Clin Nutr 87(2):455-62.
  56. Larsen ER, Mosekilde L, Foldspang A. Vitamin D and calcium supplementation prevents osteoporotic fractures in elderly community dwelling residents: a pragmatic population-based 3-year intervention study. 2004. J Bone Miner Res 19(3):370-8.
  57. Lee WTK, Leung SSF, Leung DMY, Cheng JCY. A follow-up study on the effects of calcium-supplement withdrawal and puberty on bone acquisition of children. 1996. Am J Clin Nutr 64:71-7.
  58. Lee WTK, Leung SSF, Leung DMY, Tsang HSY, Lau J, Cheng JCY. A randomized double-blind controlled calcium supplementation trial, and bone and height acquisition in children. 1995. Br J Nutr 74:125-39.
  59. Lee WTK, Leung SSF, Leung DMY, Wang SH, Xu YC, Zeng WP, Cheng JCY. Bone mineral acquisition in low calcium intake children following the withdrawal of calcium supplement. 1997. Acta Paediatr 86:570-6.
  60. Lee WTK, Leung SSF, Wang SH, Xu YC, Zeng WP, Lau J, Oppenheimer SJ, Cheng JCY. Double-blind, controlled calcium supplementation and bone mineral accretion in children accustomed to a low-calcium diet. 1994. Am J Clin Nutr 60:744-50.
  61. Lips P, Graafmans WC, Ooms ME, Bezemer PD, Bouter LM. Vitamin D supplementation and fracture incidence in elderly persons: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. 1996. Ann Intern Med 124(4):400-6.
  62. Lloyd T, Andon MB, Rollings N, Martel JK, Landis JR, Demers LM, Eggli DF, Kieselhorst K, Kulin HE. Calcium supplementation and bone mineral density in adolescent girls. 1993. JAMA 270(7):841-4.
  63. Meacham SL, Taper LJ, Volpe SL. Effect of boron supplementation on blood and urinary calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus, and urinary boron in athletic and sedentary women. 1995. AJCN 61(2):341-5.
  64. Meacham SL, Taper LJ, Volpe SL. Effects of boron supplementation on bone mineral density and dietary, blood, and urinary calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and boron in female athletes. 1994. Environ Health Perspect 102(Suppl 7):79-82.
  65. Meier C, Woitge HW, Witte K, Lemmer B, Seibel MJ. Supplementation with oral vitamin D3 and calcium during winter prevents seasonal bone loss: a randomized controlled open-label prospective trial. 2004. J Bone Miner Res 19(8):1221-30.
  66. Meunier P. Prevention of hip fractures by correcting calcium and vitamin D insufficiencies in elderly people. 1996. Scand J Rheumatol Suppl 103:75-8.
  67. Meyer HE, Smedshaug GB, Kvaavik E, Falch JA, Tverdal A, Pedersen JI. Can vitamin D supplementation reduce the risk of fracture in the elderly? A randomized controlled trial. 2002. J Bone Miner Res 17(4):709-15.
  68. Michaëlsson K, Lithell H, Vessby B, Melhus H. Serum retinol levels and the risk of fracture. 2003. N Engl J Med 348:287-94.
  69. Ng NTM, Heesch KC, Brown WJ. Efficacy of a progressive walking program and glucosamine sulphate supplementation on osteoarthritic symptoms of the hip and knee: a feasibility trial. 2010. Arthrit Res Ther 12(1):R25.
  70. Nieves JW. Osteoporosis: the role of micronutrients. 2005. AJCN 81(5):1232S-9S.
  71. Nowson CA, Green RM, Hopper JL, Sherwin AJ, Young D, Kaymakci B, Guest CS, Smid M, Larkins RG, Wark JD. A co-twin study of the effect of calcium supplementation on bone density during adolescence. 1997. Osteoporos Int 7(3):219-25.
  72. Papadimitropoulos E, Wells G, Shea B, Gillespie W, Weaver B, Zytaruk N, Cranney A, Adachi J, Tugwell P, Josse R, Greenwood C, Guyatt G; Osteoporosis Methodology Group and The Osteoporosis Research Advisory Group. Meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. VIII: Meta-analysis of the efficacy of vitamin D treatment in preventing osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. 2002. Endocr Rev 23(4):560-9.
  73. Peacock M, Liu G, Carey M, McClintock R, Ambrosius W, Hui S, Johnston CC. Effect of calcium or 25OH vitamin D3 dietary supplementation on bone loss at the hip in men and women over the age of 60. 2000. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85(9):3011-9.
  74. Porthouse J, Cockayne S, King C, Saxon L, Steele E, Aspray T, Baverstock M, Birks Y, Dumville J, Francis R, Iglesias C, Puffer S, Sutcliffe A, Watt I, Tortrson DJ. Randomised controlled trial of calcium and supplementation with cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) for prevention of fractures in primary care. 2005. BMJ 330(7498):1003.
  75. Potter SM, Baum JA, Teng H, Stillman RJ, Shay NF, Erdman JW Jr. Soy protein and isoflavones: their effects on blood lipids and bone density in postmenopausal women. 1998. Am J Clin Nutr 68(6 Suppl):1375S-9S.
  76. Prentice A, Ginty F, Stear SJ, Jones SC, Laskey MA, Cole TJ. Calcium Supplementation Increases Stature and Bone Mineral Mass of 16- to 18-Year-Old Boys. 2005. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90(6):3153-61.
  77. Raiten DJ, Picciano MF. Vitamin D and health in the 21st century: bone and beyond. Executive summary. 2004. Am J Clin Nutr 80(suppl):1673S–7S.
  78. Recker RR, Hinders S, Davies KM, Heaney RP, Stegman MR, Lappe JM, Kimmel DB. Correcting calcium nutritional deficiency prevents spine fractures in elderly women. 1996. J Bone Miner Res 11(12):1961-6.
  79. Reid IR, Ames RW, Evans MC, Gamble GD, Sharpe SJ. Long-term effects of calcium supplementation on bone loss and fractures in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. 1995. Am J Med 98(4):331-5.
  80. Reid IR, Ames RW, Evans MC, Gamble GD, Sharpe SJ. Effect of calcium supplementation on bone loss in postmenopausal women. 1993. N Engl J Med 328(7):460-4.
  81. Ricci TA, Chowdhury HA, Heymsfield SB, Stahl T, Pierson RN, Jr., Shapses SA. Calcium supplementation suppresses bone turnover during weight reduction in postmenopausal women. 1998. J Bone Miner Res 13:1045-50.
  82. Ryder KM, Shorr RI, Bush AJ, Kritchevsky SB, Harris T, Stone K, Cauley J, Tylavsky FA. Magnesium intake from food and supplements is associated with bone mineral density in healthy older white subjects. 2005. J Am Geriatr Soc 53(11):1875-80.
  83. Saltman PD, Strause LG. The Role of Trace Minerals in Osteoporosis. 1993. JACN 12(4):384-9.
  84. Sato Y, Honda Y, Iwamoto J, Kanoko T, Satoh K. Effect of folate and mecobalamin on hip fractures in patients with stroke: a randomized controlled trial. 2005. JAMA 293(9):1082-8.
  85. Shea B, Wells G, Cranney A, Zytaruk N, Robinson V, Griffith L, Ortiz Z, Peterson J, Adachi J, Tugwell P, Guyatt G, Osteoporosis Methodology Group, Osteoporosis Research Advisory Group. Meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. VII. Meta-analysis of calcium supplementation for the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. 2002. Endocr Rev 23(4):552-9.
  86. Shearer MJ. The roles of vitamins D and K in bone health and osteoporosis prevention. 1997. Proc Nutr Soc 56(3):915-937.
  87. Shearer MJ, Bach A, Kohlmeier M. Chemistry, nutritional sources, tissue distribution and metabolism of vitamin K with special reference to bone health. 1996. J Nutr 126(4 Suppl):1181S-6S.
  88. Stear SJ, Prentice A, Jones SC, Cole TJ. Effect of a calcium and exercise intervention on the bone mineral status of 16-18-y-old adolescent girls. 2003. Am J Clin Nutr 77:985-92.
  89. Strause L, Saltman P, Smith KT, Bracker M, Andon MB. Spinal bone loss in postmenopausal women supplemented with calcium and trace minerals. 1994. J Nutr 124:1060-4.
  90. Thie NM, Prasad NG, Major PW. Evaluation of glucosamine sulfate compared to ibuprofen for the treatment of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis: a randomized double blind controlled 3 month clinical trial. 2001. J Rheumatol 28(6):1347-55.
  91. Thomas MK, Lloyd-Jones DM, Thadhani RI, Shaw AC, Deraska DJ, Kitch BT, Vamvakas EC, Dick IM, Prince RL, Finkelstein JS. Hypovitaminosis D in medical inpatients. 1998. N Engl J Med 338(12):777-83.
  92. Trivedi DP, Doll R, Khaw KT. Effect of four monthly oral vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) supplementation on fractures and mortality in men and women living in the community; randomized double blind controlled trial. 2003. BMJ 326(7387):469.
  93. Utiger RD. The need for more vitamin D. 1998. N Engl J Med 338(12):828-9.
  94. von Hurst PR, Stonehouse W, Kruger MC, Coad J. Vitamin D supplementation suppresses age-induced bone turnover in older women who are vitamin D deficient. 2010. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 121(1-2):293-6.
  95. Winters-Stone KM, Snow CM. One year of oral calcium supplementation maintains cortical bone density in young adult female distance runners. 2004. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 14(1):7-17.
  96. Yasui T, Miyatani Y, Tomita J, Yamada M, Uemura H, Miura M, Irahara M. Effect of vitamin K2 treatment on carboxylation of osteocalcin in early postmenopausal women. 2006. Gynecological Endocrinology 22(8):455-9.
  97. Zamora SA, Rizzoli R, Belli DC, Slosman DO, Bonjour JP. Vitamin D supplementation during infancy is associated with higher bone mineral mass in prepubertal girls. 1999. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:4541-4.
  1. Abrams SA. In utero physiology: role in nutrient delivery and fetal development for calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D. 2007. Am J Clin Nutr 85(2):604S-7S.
  2. Amirlak I, Ezimokhai M, Dawodu A, Dawson KP, Kochiyil J, Thomas L, Abdulle AM. Current maternal-infant micronutrient status and the effects on birth weight in the United Arab Emirates. 2009. East Mediterr Health J 15(6):1399-406.
  3. Auestad N, Halter R, Hall RT, Blatter M, Bogle ML, Burks W, Erickson JR, Fitzgerald KM, Dobson V, Innis SM, Singer LT, Montalto MB, Jacobs JR, Qiu W, Bornstein MH. Growth and development in term infants fed long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids: a double-masked, randomized, parallel, prospective, multivariate study. 2001. Pediatrics 108(2):372-81.
  4. Auestad N, Scott DT, Janowsky JS, Jacobsen C, Carroll RE, Montalto MB, Halter R, Qiu W, Jacobs JR, Connor WE, Connor SL, Taylor JA, Neuringer M, Fitzgerald KM, Hall RT. Visual, cognitive, and language assessments at 39 months: a follow-up study of children fed formulas containing long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids to 1 year of age. 2003. Pediatrics 112(3 Pt 1):e177-83.
  5. Bailey LB, Berry RJ. Folic acid supplementation and the occurrence of congenital heart defects, orofacial clefts, multiple births, and miscarriage. 2005. Am J Clin Nutr 81(suppl):1213S-7S.
  6. Bath SC et al. Effect of inadequate iodine status in UK pregnant women on cognitive outcomes in their children: results from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Lancet. 2013 May 21. pii: S0140-6736(13)60436-5.
  7. Belizan JM, Villar J, Gonzalez L, Campodonico L, Bergei E. Calcium supplementation to prevent hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. 1991. N Engl J Med 325:1399-405.
  8. Berry RJ, Li Z, Erickson JD, Li S, Moore CA, Wang H, Mulinare J, Zhao P, Wong LY, Gindler J, Hong SX, Correa A. Prevention of neural-tube defects with folic acid in China. China-U.S. Collaborative Project for Neural Tube Defect Prevention. 1999. N Engl J Med 341(20):1485-90.
  9. Bhate V, Deshpande S, Bhat D, Joshi N, Ladkat R, Watve S, Fall C, de Jager CA, Refsum H, Yajnik C. Vitamin B12 status of pregnant Indian women and cognitive function in their 9-year-old children. 2008. Food Nutr Bull 29(4):249-54.
  10. Birch EE, Birch DG, Hoffman DR, Uauy R. Dietary essential fatty acid supply and visual acuity development. 1992. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 33:3242-53.
  11. Birch EE, Carlson SE, Hoffman DR, Fitzgerald-Gustafson KM, Fu VLN, Drover JR, Castañeda YS, Minns L, Wheaton DKH, Mundy D, Marunycz J, Diersen-Schade DA. The DIAMOND (DHA Intake And Measurement Of Neural Development) Study: a double-masked, randomized controlled clinical trial of the maturation of infant visual acuity as a function of the dietary level of docosahexaenoic acid. 2010. AJCN 91(4):848-59.
  12. Birch EE, Garfield S, Hoffman DR, Uauy R, Birch DG. A randomized controlled trial of early dietary supply of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and mental development in term infants. 2000. Dev Med Child Neurol 42(3):174-181.
  13. Bodnar LM, Krohn MA, Simhan HN. Maternal Vitamin D Deficiency Is Associated with Bacterial Vaginosis in the First Trimester of Pregnancy. 2009. J Nutr 139(6):1157-61.
  14. Bodnar LM, Simhan HN, Powers RW, Frank MP, Cooperstein E, Roberts JM. High Prevalence of Vitamin D Insufficiency in Black and White Pregnant Women Residing in the Northern United States and Their Neonates. 2007. J Nutr 137:447-52.
  15. Botto LD, Mulinare J, Erickson JD. Occurrence of omphalocele in relation to maternal multivitamin use: a population-based study. 2002. Pediatrics 109(5):904-8.
  16. Botto LD, Mulinare J, Erickson JD. Occurrence of congenital heart defects in relation to maternal multivitamin use. 2000. Am J Epidemiol 151(9):878-84.
  17. Bourre JM. Dietary omega-3 fatty acids for women. 2007. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 61:105-12.
  18. Brehm JM, Celedón JC, Soto-Quiros ME, Avila L, Hunninghake GM, Forno E, Laskey D, Sylvia JS, Hollis BW, Weiss ST, Litonjua AA. Serum vitamin D levels and markers of severity of childhood asthma in Costa Rica. 2009. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 179(9):765-71.
  19. Bucher HC, Guyatt GH, Cook RJ, Hatala R, Cook DJ, Lang JD, Hunt D. Effect of calcium supplementation on pregnancy-induced hypertension and preeclampsia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. 1996. JAMA 276(17):1388.
  20. Camargo CA Jr, Rifas-Shiman SL, Litonjua AA, Rich-Edwards JW, Weiss ST, Gold DR, Kleinman K, Gillman MW. Maternal intake of vitamin D during pregnancy and risk of recurrent wheeze in children at 3 y of age. 2007. Am J Clin Nutr 85(3):788-95.
  21. Carlson SE, Werkman SH, Rhodes PG, Tolley EA. Visual-acuity development in healthy preterm infants: effect of marine-oil supplementation. 1993. Am J Clin Nutr 58(1):35-42.
  22. Chappell LC, Seed PT, Briley AL, Kelly FJ, Lee R, Hunt BJ, Parmar K, Bewley SJ, Shennan AH, Steer PJ, Poston L. Effect of antioxidants on the occurrence of pre-eclampsia in women at increased risk: a randomized trial. 1999. Lancet 354(9181):810-6.
  23. Chappell LC, Seed PT, Kelly FJ, Briley A, Hunt BJ, Charnock-Jones DS, Mallet A, Poston L. Vitamin C and E supplementation in women at risk of preeclampsia is associated with changes in indices of oxidative stress and placental function. 2002. Am J Obstet Gynecol 187(3):777-84.
  24. Chen K, Zhang X, Wei XP, Qu P, Liu YX, Li TY. Antioxidant vitamin status during pregnancy in relation to cognitive development in the first two years of life. 2009. Early Hum Dev 85(7):421-7.
  25. Christian P, Stewart CP. Maternal micronutrient deficiency, fetal development, and the risk of chronic disease. 2010. J Nutr 140(3):437-45.
  26. Clifton-Bligh RJ, McElduff P, McElduff A. Maternal vitamin D deficiency, ethnicity and gestational diabetes. 2008. Diabet Med 25(6):678-84.
  27. Coletta MD, J, S. Bell DSc RD 2, & A. Roman MD MPH3. (2010). Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Pregnancy. MANAGEMENT REVIEW, 3(4) PP 163-171.
  28. Cooper C, Javaid K, Westlake S, Harvey N, Dennison E. Developmental origins of osteoporotic fracture: the role of maternal vitamin D insufficiency. 2005. J Nutr 135(11):2728S-34S.
  29. Correa A, Botto L, Liu Y, Mulinare J, Erickson JD. Do multivitamin supplements attenuate the risk for diabetes-associated birth defects?. 2003. Pediatrics 111(5):1146-51.
  30. Czeizel AE, Dudas I. Prevention of the first occurrence of neural-tube defects by periconceptional vitamin supplementation. 1992. N Engl J Med 327(26):1832-5.
  31. Dahle LO, Berg G, Hammar M, Hurtig M, Larsson L. The effect of oral magnesium substitution on pregnancy induce leg cramps. 1995. Am J Obstet Gynecol 173(1):175-80.
  32. Daly LE, Kirke PN, Molloy A, Weir DG, Scott JM. Folate levels and neural tube defects: implications for prevention. 1995. JAMA 274(21):1698-702.
  33. Dawodu A, Wagner CL. Mother-child vitamin D deficiency: an international perspective. 2007. Arch Dis Child 92(9):737-40.
  34. Denise HM Heppe et al. Maternal first-trimester diet and childhood bone mass: the Generation R Study. Am J Clin Nutr doi: 10.3945/ajcn.112.051052.
  35. Devereux G, Litonjua AA, Turner SW, Craig LC, McNeill G, Martindale S, Helms PJ, Seaton A, Weiss ST. Maternal vitamin D intake during pregnancy and early childhood wheezing. 2007. Am J Clin Nutr 85(3):853-9.
  36. Devereux G, Turner SW, Craig LC, McNeill G, Martindale S, Harbour PJ, Helms PJ, Seaton A. Low maternal vitamin E intake during pregnancy is associated with asthma in 5-year-old children. 2006. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 174(5):499-507.
  37. Dijkstra SH, van Beek A, Janssen JW, de Vleeschouwer LH, Huysman WA, van den Akker EL. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in newborn infants of high-risk mothers. 2007. Arch Dis Child 92(9):750-3.
  38. Erkkola M, Kaila M, Nwaru BI, Kronberg-Kippilä C, Ahonen S, Nevalainen J, Veijola R, Pekkanen J, Ilonen J, Simell O, Knip M, Virtanen SM. Maternal vitamin D intake during pregnancy is inversely associated with asthma and allergic rhinitis in 5-year-old children. 2009. Clin Exp Allergy 39(6):875-82.
  39. Gaber KR, Farag MK, Soliman SE, El-Bassyouni HT, El-Kamah G. Maternal vitamin B12 and the risk of fetal neural tube defects in Egyptian patients. Clin Lab 53(1-2):69-75.
  40. Gale CR, Robinson SM, Harvey NC, Javaid MK, Jiang B, Martyn CN, Godfrey KM, Cooper C; Princess Anne Hospital Study Group. Maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy and child outcomes. 2008. Eur J Clin Nutr 62(1):68-77.
  41. Gernand AD, Simhan HN, Klebanoff MA, Bodnar LM. Maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d and measures of newborn and placental weight in a U.S. Multicenter cohort study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013 Jan;98(1):398-404.
  42. Gibson RA, Neumann MA, Makrides M. Effect of increasing breast milk docosahexaenoic acid on plasma and erythrocyte phospholipids fatty acids and neural indices of exclusively breast fed infants. 1997. Eur J Clin Nutr 51(9):578-84.
  43. Goldenberg RL, Tamura T, Neggers Y, Copper RL, Johnston KE, DuBard MB, Hauth JC. The effect of zinc supplementation on pregnancy outcome. 1995. JAMA 274(6):463-8.
  44. Goodyer P, Kurpad A, Rekha S, Muthayya S, Dwarkanath P, Iyengar A, Philip B, Mhaskar A, Benjamin A, Maharaj S, Laforte D, Raju C, Phadke K. Effects of maternal vitamin A status on kidney development: a pilot study. 2007. Pediatr Nephrol 22(2):209-14.
  45. Greenberg JA, Bell SJ, Ausdal WV. Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation During Pregnancy. 2008. Rev Obstet Gynecol 1(4):162–9.
  46. Håberg SE, London SJ, Stigum H, Nafstad P, Nystad W. Folic acid supplements in pregnancy and early childhood respiratory health. 2009. Arch Dis Child 94(3):180-4.
  47. Haugen M, Brantsaeter AL, Trogstad L, Alexander J, Roth C, Magnus P, Meltzer HM. Vitamin D supplementation and reduced risk of preeclampsia in nulliparous women. 2009. Epidemiology 20(5):720-6.
  48. Hay G, Clausen T, Whitelaw A, Trygg K, Johnston C, Henriksen T, Refsum H. Maternal folate and cobalamin status predicts vitamin status in newborns and 6-month-old infants. 2010. J Nutr 140(3):557-64.
  49. Heird WC. The role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in term and preterm infants and breastfeeding mothers. 2001. Pediatr Clin North Am 48(1):173-88.
  50. Helland IB, Smith L, Saarem K, Saugstad OD, Drevon CA. Maternal Supplementation with Very-Long-Chain n-3 Fatty Acids during Pregnancy and Lactation Augments Children’s IQ at 4 Years of Age. 2003. Pediatrics 111:e39-44.
  51. Helland IB, Saugstad OD, Smith L, Saarem K, Solvoll K, Ganes T, Drevon CA. Similar effects on infants of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids supplementation to pregnant and lactating women. 2001. Pediatrics 108(5):E82.
  52. Herrera JA, Arevalo-Herrera M, Herrera S. Prevention of preeclampsia by linoleic acid and calcium supplementation: a randomized controlled trial. 1998. Obstet Gynecol 91(4):585-90.
  53. Hoffman DR, Birch EE, Birch DG, Uauy RD. Effects of supplementation with omega 3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on retinal and cortical development in premature infants. 1993. Am J Clin Nutr 57(5 Suppl):807S-12S.
  54. Hoffman DR, Theuer RC, Castañeda YS, Wheaton DH, Bosworth RG, O’Connor AR, Morale SE, Wiedemann LE, Birch EE. Maturation of Visual Acuity is Accelerated in Breast-Fed Term Infants Fed Baby Food Containing DHA-Enriched Egg Yolk. 2004. J Nutr 134:2307-13.
  55. Hollis BW. Vitamin D requirement during pregnancy and lactation. 2007. J Bone Miner Res 22(Suppl 2):V39-44.
  56. Hollis BW, Wagner CL. Nutritional vitamin D status during pregnancy: reasons for concern. 2006. CMAJ 174(9):1287-90.
  57. Holmes VA, Barnes MS, Alexander HD, McFaul P, Wallace JM. Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency in pregnant women: a longitudinal study. 2009. Br J Nutr 102(6):876-81.
  58. Hornstra G. Essential fatty acids in mothers and their neonates. 2000. AJCN 71(suppl):1262S-9S.
  59. Hübner U, Alwan A, Jouma M, Tabbaa M, Schorr H, Herrmann W. Low serum vitamin B12 is associated with recurrent pregnancy loss in Syrian women. 2008. Clin Chem Lab Med 46(9):1265-9.
  60. Hyppönen E, Boucher BJ. Avoidance of vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy in the United Kingdom: the case for a unified approach in National policy. 2010. Br J Nutr 104(3):309-14.
  61. Jain SK, Wise R, Yanamandra K, Dhanireddy R, Bocchini JA Jr. The effect of maternal and cord-blood vitamin C, vitamin E and lipid peroxide levels on newborn birth weight. 2008. Mol Cell Biochem 309(1-2):217-21.
  62. Javaid MK, Crozier SR, Harvey NC, Gale CR, Dennison EM, Boucher BJ, Arden NK, Godfrey KM, Cooper C; Princess Anne Hospital Study Group. Maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy and childhood bone mass at age 9 years: a longitudinal study. 2006. Lancet 367(9504):36-43.
  63. Jensen CL, Voigt RG, Prager TC, Zou YL, Fraley JK, Rozelle JC, Turcich MR, Llorente AM, Anderson RE, Heird WC. Effects of maternal docosahexaenoic acid intake on visual function and neurodevelopment in breastfed term infants. 2005. Am J Clin Nutr 82(1):125-32.
  64. Johansen AM, Lie RT, Wilcox AJ, Andersen LF, Drevon CA. Maternal dietary intake of vitamin A and risk of orofacial clefts: a population-based case-control study in Norway. 2008. Am J Epidemiol 167(10):1164-70.
  65. Kaitlin M March et al.  Maternal vitamin D3 supplementation at 50 μg/d protects against low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in infants at 8 wk of age: a randomized controlled trial of 3 doses of vitamin D beginning in gestation and continued in lactation. First published July 8, 2015, doi: 10.3945/​ajcn.114.106385.
  66. Klemmensen A, Tabor A, Østerdal ML, Knudsen VK, Halldorsson TI, Mikkelsen TB, Olsen SF. Intake of vitamin C and E in pregnancy and risk of pre-eclampsia: prospective study among 57346 women. 2009. BJOG 116(7):964-74.
  67. Koc A, Kocyigit A, Soran M, Demir N, Sevinc E, Erel O, Mil Z. High frequency of maternal vitamin B12 deficiency as an important cause of infantile vitamin B12 deficiency in Sanliurfa province of Turkey. 2006. Eur J Nutr 45(5):291-7.
  68. Kovacs CS. Vitamin D in pregnancy and lactation: maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes from human and animal studies. 2008. AJCN 88(2):520S-8S.
  69. Lauritzen L, Jorgensen MH, Mikkelsen TB, Skovgaard M, Straarup EM, Olsen SF, Hoy CE, Michaelsen KF. Maternal fish oil supplementation in lactation: effect on visual acuity and n-3 fatty acid content of infant erythrocytes. 2004. Lipids 39(3):195-206.
  70. Lee JM, Smith JR, Philipp BL, Chen TC, Mathieu J, Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency in a healthy group of mothers and newborn infants. 2007. Clin Pediatr 46(1):42-4.
  71. Levine RJ, Hauth JC, Curet LB, Sibai BM, Catalano PM, Morris CD, DerSimonian R, Esterlitz JR, Raymond EG, Bild DE, Clemens JD, Cutler JA. Trial of calcium to prevent preeclampsia. 1997. N Engl J Med 337(2):69-76.
  72. Luoto R, Laitinen K, Nermes M, Isolauri E. Impact of maternal probiotic-supplemented dietary counselling on pregnancy outcome and prenatal and postnatal growth: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. 2010. Br J Nutr 103(12):1792-9.
  73. Mahon P, Harvey N, Crozier S, Inskip H, Robinson S, Arden N, Swaminathan R, Cooper C, Godfrey K, SWS Study Group. Low maternal vitamin D status and fetal bone development: cohort study. 2010. J Bone Miner Res 25(1):14-9.
  74. Makrides M, Neumann M, Simmer K, Pater J, Gibson R. Are long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids essential nutrients in infancy?. 1995. Lancet 345:1463-8.
  75. Mehta S, Hunter DJ, Mugusi FM, Spiegelman D, Manji KP, Giovannucci EL, Hertzmark E, Msamanga GI, Fawzi WW. Perinatal outcomes, including mother-to-child transmission of HIV, and child mortality and their association with maternal vitamin D status in Tanzania. 2009. J Infect Dis 200(7):1022-30.
  76. Merewood A, Mehta SD, Chen TC, Bauchner H, Holick MF. Association between vitamin D deficiency and primary cesarean section. 2009. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94(3):940-5.
  77. Miller RL. Prenatal maternal diet affects asthma risk in offspring. 2008. J Clin Invest 118(10):3265-8.
  78. Minami H, Furuhashi M, Minami K, Miyazaki K, Yoshida K, Ishikawa K. Fetal intraventricular bleeding possibly due to maternal vitamin K deficiency. 2008. Fetal Diagn Ther 24(4):357-60.
  79. Molloy AM, Kirke PN, Troendle JF, Burke H, Sutton M, Brody LC, Scott JM, Mills JL. Maternal vitamin B12 status and risk of neural tube defects in a population with high neural tube defect prevalence and no folic acid fortification. 2009. Pediatrics 123(3):917-23.
  80. MRC Vitamin Study Research Group. Prevention of neural tube defects: results of the Medical Research Council Vitamin Study. 1991. Lancet 338(8760):131-7.
  81. Mulligan ML, Felton SK, Riek AE, Bernal-Mizrachi C. Implications of vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy and lactation. 2010. Am J Obstet Gynecol 202(5):429-30.
  82. Muthayya S, Kurpad AV, Duggan CP, Bosch RJ, Dwarkanath P, Mhaskar A, Mhaskar R, Thomas A, Vaz M, Bhat S, Fawzi WW. Low maternal vitamin B12 status is associated with intrauterine growth retardation in urban South Indians. 2006. Eur J Clin Nutr 60(6):791-801.
  83. Newhook LA, Sloka S, Grant M, Randell E, Kovacs CS, Twells LK. Vitamin D insufficiency common in newborns, children and pregnant women living in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. 2009. Matern Child Nutr 5(2):186-91.
  84. Nisreen A. Alwan, Janet E. Cade, Harry J. McArdle, Darren C. Greenwood, Helen E. Hayes and Nigel A. B. Simpson. Maternal iron status in early pregnancy and birth outcomes: insights from the Baby’s Vascular health and Iron in Pregnancy study. British Journal of Nutrition, available on CJO2015. doi:10.1017/S0007114515001166.
  85. O’Riordan MN, Kiely M, Higgins JR, Cashman KD. Prevalence of suboptimal vitamin D status during pregnancy. 2008. Ir Med J 101(8):240, 242-3.
  86. Ortega RM, Martinez RM, Lopez-Sobaler AM, Andres P, Quintas ME. Influence of calcium intake on gestational hypertension. 1999. Ann Nutr Metab 43:37-46.
  87. Pasco JA, Wark JD, Carlin JB, Ponsonby AL, Vuillermin PJ, Morley R. Maternal vitamin D in pregnancy may influence not only offspring bone mass but other aspects of musculoskeletal health and adiposity. 2008. Med Hypotheses 71(2):266-9.
  88. Preston-Martin S, Pogoda JM, Mueller BA, Lubin F, Modan B, Holly EA, Filippini G, Cordier S, Peris-Bonet R, Choi W, Little J, Arslan A. Prenatal vitamin supplementation and pediatric brain tumors: huge international variation in use and possible reduction in risk. 1998. Childs Nerv Syst 14(10):551-7.
  89. Roberts JM, Myatt L, Spong CY, Thom EA, Hauth JC, Leveno KJ, Pearson GD, Wapner RJ, Varner MW, Thorp JM Jr, Mercer BM, Peaceman AM, Ramin SM, Carpenter MW, Samuels P, Sciscione A, Harper M, Smith WJ, Saade G, Sorokin Y, Anderson GB, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network. Vitamins C and E to prevent complications of pregnancy-associated hypertension. 2010. N Engl J Med 362(14):1282-91.
  90. Rochat MK, Ege MJ, Plabst D, Steinle J, Bitter S, Braun-Fahrländer C, Dalphin JC, Riedler J, Roponen M, Hirvonen MR, Büchele G, Renz H, Lauener R, Krauss-Etschmann S, von Mutius E; PASTURE Study group. Maternal vitamin D intake during pregnancy increases gene expression of ILT3 and ILT4 in cord blood. 2010. Clin Exp Allergy 40(5):786-94.
  91. Sabour H, Hossein-Nezhad A, Maghbooli Z, Madani F, Mir E, Larijani B. Relationship between pregnancy outcomes and maternal vitamin D and calcium intake: A cross-sectional study. 2006. Gynecol Endocrinol 22(10):585-9.
  92. Samia A. Nossier, Noha E. Naeim, Nawal A. El-Sayed and Azza A. Abu Zeid. The effect of zinc supplementation on pregnancy outcomes: a double-blind, randomised controlled trial, Egypt. British Journal of Nutrition, available on CJO2015. doi:10.1017/S000711451500166X.
  93. Sanchez-Ramos L, Adair CD, Kaunitz AM, Briones DK, Del Valle GO, Delke I. Calcium supplementation in mild preeclampsia remote from term: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. 1995. Obstet Gynecol 85(6):915-8.
  94. Scholl TO, Hediger ML, Bendich A, Schall JI, Smith WK, Krueger PM. Use of multivitamin/mineral prenatal supplements: influence on the outcome of pregnancy. 1997. Am J Epidemiol 146(2):134-41.
  95. Shaw GM, Lammer EJ, Wasserman CR, O’Malley CD, Tolarova MM. Risks of orofacial clefts in children born to women using multivitamins containing folic acid periconceptionally. 1995. Lancet 346(8972):393-6.
  96. Sinclair KD, Allegrucci C, Singh R, Gardner DS, Sebastian S, Bispham J, Thurston A, Huntley JF, Rees WD, Maloney CA, Lea RG, Craigon J, McEvoy TG, Young LE. DNA methylation, insulin resistance, and blood pressure in offspring determined by maternal periconceptional B vitamin and methionine status. 2007. Proc Natl Acad Sci 104(49):19351-6.
  97. Slovis TL, Chapman S. Evaluating the data concerning vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency and child abuse. 2008. Pediatr Radiol 38(11):1221-4.
  98. Smuts CM, Huang M, Mundy D, Plasse T, Major S, Carlson SE. A Randomized Trial of Docosahexaenoic Acid Supplementation During the Third Trimester of Pregnancy. 2003. Amer Coll Obstet Gynecol 101(3):469-79.
  99. Stallings VA. Childhood cancer and vitamins: prevention and treatment. 2008. Pediatr Blood Cancer 50(2 Suppl):442-4; discussion 451.
  100. Stene LC, Joner G, Norwegian Childhood Diabetes Study Group. Use of cod liver oil during the first year of life is associated with lower risk of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes: a large, population-based, case-control study year of life is associated with lower risk of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes: a large, population-based, case-control study. 2003. Am J Clin Nutr 78:1128-34.
  101. Surén P, Roth C, Bresnahan M, et al. Association between maternal use of folic acid supplements and risk of autism spectrum disorders in children. JAMA. 2013 Feb 13;309(6):570-7.
  102. Thompson MD, Cole DE, Ray JG. Vitamin B-12 and neural tube defects: the Canadian experience. 2009. Am J Clin Nutr 89(2):697S-701S.
  103. Tsuchiya, Y., Yanagimoto, K., Nakazato, K., Hayamizu, K., & Ochi, E. (2016). Eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids-rich fish oil supplementation attenuates strength loss and limited joint range of motion after eccentric contractions: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial. European journal of applied physiology, 116, 1179.
  104. Turner SW, Campbell D, Smith N, Craig LCA, McNeill G, Forbes SH, Harbour PJ, Seaton A, Helms PJ, Devereux GS. Associations between fetal size, maternal α-tocopherol and childhood asthma. 2010. Thorax 65:391-7.
  105. Uauy R, Hoffman DR, Peirano P, Birch DG, Birch EE. Essential fatty acids in visual and brain development. 2001. Lipids 36(9):885-95.
  106. Vahratian A, Siega-Riz AM, Savitz DA, Thorp JM Jr. Multivitamin use and the risk of preterm birth. 2004. Am J Epidemiol 160:886-92.
  107. van den Elzen HJ, Wladimiroff JW, Overbeek TE, Morris DC, Grobbee DE. Calcium metabolism, calcium supplementation and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. 1995. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 59(1):5-16.
  108. Verkleij-Hagoort AC, van Driel LM, Lindemans J, Isaacs A, Steegers EA, Helbing WA, Uitterlinden AG, Steegers-Theunissen RP. Genetic and lifestyle factors related to the periconception vitamin B12 status and congenital heart defects: a Dutch case-control study. 2008. Mol Genet Metab 94(1):112-9.
  109. Villamor E, Msamanga G, Saathoff E, Fataki M, Manji K, Fawzi WW. Effects of maternal vitamin supplements on malaria in children born to HIV-infected women. 2007. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76(6):1066-71.
  110. Wagner CL, Hulsey TC, Fanning D, Ebeling M, Hollis BW. High-dose vitamin D3 supplementation in a cohort of breastfeeding mothers and their infants: a 6-month follow-up pilot study. 2006. Breastfeed Med 1(2):59-70.
  111. Werler MM, Shapiro S, Mitchell AA. Periconceptional folic acid exposure and risk of occurrent neural tube defects. 1993. JAMA 269(10):1257-61.
  112. Willatts P, Forsyth JS, DiModugno MK, Varma S, Colvin M. Effect of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in infant formula on problem solving at 10 months of age. 1998. Lancet 352:688-91.
  113. Winsloe C, Earl S, Dennison EM, Cooper C, Harvey NC. Early life factors in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. 2009. Curr Osteoporos Rep 7(4):140-4.
  114. Yajnik C. Nutritional control of fetal growth. 2006. Nutr Rev 64(5 Pt 2):S50-1; discussion S72-91.
  115. Yajnik CS, Deshpande SS, Jackson AA, Refsum H, Rao S, Fisher DJ, Bhat DS, Naik Ss, Coyaji KJ, Joglekar CV, Joshi N, Lubree HG, Deshpande VU, Rege SS, Fall CHD. Vitamin B12 and folate concentrations during pregnancy and insulin resistance in the offspring: the Pune Maternal Nutrition Study. 2008. Diabetologia 51(1):29-38.
  116. Young GL, Jewell D. Interventions for leg cramps in pregnancy. 2002. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (1):CD000121
  117. Yu CK, Sykes L, Sethi M, Teoh TG, Robinson S. Vitamin D deficiency and supplementation during pregnancy. 2009. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 70(5):685-90.
  118. Zatollah Asemi et al. Magnesium supplementation affects metabolic status and pregnancy outcomes in gestational diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. First published May 27, 2015, doi: 10.3945/​ajcn.114.098616
  119. Zengin E, Sarper N, Kılıç C. Clinical manifestations of infants with nutritional vitamin B12 deficiency due to maternal dietary deficiency. 2009. Acta Pædiatrica 98(1):98-102.
  120. Zhang C, Qiu C, Hu FB, David RM, van Dam RM, Bralley A, Williams MA. Maternal plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and the risk for gestational diabetes mellitus. 2008. PLoS One 3(11):e3753.
  1. Abate A, Yang G, Dennery PA, Oberle S, Schroder H. Synergistic inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 expression by vitamin E and aspirin. 2000. Free Rad Bio Med 29(11):1135-42.
  2. Adams JS, Hewison M. Unexpected actions of vitamin D: new perspectives on the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity. 2008. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 4(2):80-90.
  3. Adams JS, Liu PT, Chun R, Modlin RL, Hewison M. Vitamin D in defense of the human immune response. 2007. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1117:94-105.
  4. Adams JS, Ren S, Liu PT, Chun RF, Lagishetty V, Gombart AF, Borregaard N, Modlin RL, Hewison M. Vitamin D-directed rheostatic regulation of monocyte antibacterial responses. 2009. J Immunol 182(7):4289-95.
  5. Adorini L, Penna G. Control of autoimmune diseases by the vitamin D endocrine system. 2008. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol 4(8):404-12.
  6. Aggarwal R, Sentz J, Miller MA. Role of zinc administration in prevention of childhood diarrhea and respiratory illnesses: a meta-analysis. 2007. Pediatrics 119(6):1120-30.
  7. Arnson Y, Amital H, Shoenfeld Y. Vitamin D and autoimmunity: new aetiological and therapeutic considerations. 2007. Ann Rheum Dis 66(9):1137-42.
  8. Avenell A, Campbell MK, Cook JA, Hannaford PC, Kilonzo MM, McNeill G, Milne AC, Ramsay CR, Seymour DG, Stephen AI, Vale LD, Writing Group of the MAVIS trial.Effect of multivitamin and multimineral supplements on morbidity from infections in older people (MAVIS trial): pragmatic, randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial. 2005. BMJ 331(7512):324-9.
  9. Avenell A, Cook JA, Maclennan GS, Macpherson GC. Vitamin D supplementation to prevent infections: a sub-study of a randomised placebo-controlled trial in older people (RECORD trial, ISRCTN 51647438). 2007. Age Ageing 36(5):574-7.
  10. Baeke F, van Etten E, Gysemans C, Overbergh L, Mathieu C. Vitamin D signaling in immune-mediated disorders: Evolving insights and therapeutic opportunities. 2008. Mol Aspects Med 29(6):376-87.
  11. Baeke F, van Etten E, Overbergh L, Mathieu C. Vitamin D3 and the immune system: maintaining the balance in health and disease. 2007. Nutr Res Rev 20(1):106-18.
  12. Barasch A, Elad S, Altman A, Damato K, Epstein J. Antimicrobials, mucosal coating agents, anesthetics, analgesics, and nutritional supplements for alimentary tract mucositis. 2006. Support Care Cancer 14(6):528-32.
  13. Barringer TA, Kirk JK, Santaniello AC, Foley KL, Michielutte R. Effect of a multivitamin and mineral supplement on infection and quality of life. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. 2003. Ann Intern Med 138(5):365-71.
  14. Beck MA. Selenium and vitamin E status: impact on viral pathogenicity. 2007. J Nutr 137(5):1338-40.
  15. Beveridge S, Wintergerst ES, Maggini S, Hornig D. Immune-enhancing role of vitamin C and zinc and effect on clinical conditions. 2008. Proc Nutr Soc 67:E83.
  16. Bikle DD. Vitamin D and the immune system: role in protection against bacterial infection. 2008. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 17(4):348-52.
  17. Bishop NC, Blannin AK, Walsh NP, Robson PJ, Gleeson M. Nutritional aspects of immunosuppression in athletes. 1999. Sports Med 28(3):151-76.
  18. Boardley D, Fahlman M. Micronutrient supplementation does not attenuate seasonal decline of immune system indexes in well-nourished elderly women: A placebo-controlled study. 2000. J Am Diet Assoc 100(3):356-9.
  19. Bogden JD, Bendich A, Kemp FW, Bruening KS, Shurnick JH, Denny T, Baker H, Louria DB. Daily micronutrient supplements enhance delayed-hypersensitivity skin test responses in older people. 1994. Am J Clin Nutr 60(3):437-47.
  20. Bodgen JD, Oleske JM, Lavenhar MA, Munves EM, Kemp FW, Bruening KS, Holding KJ, Denny TN, Guarino MA, Holland BK. Effects of one year of supplementation with zinc and other micronutrients on cellular immunity in the elderly. 1990. J Am Coll Nutr 9(3):214-25.
  21. Bonham M, O’Connor JM, Alexander HD, Coulter J, Walsh PM, McAnena LB, Downes CS, Hannigan BM, Strain JJ. Zinc supplementation has no effect on circulating levels of peripheral blood leucocytes and lymphocyte subsets in healthy adult men. 2003. Br J Nutr 89(5):695-703.
  22. Cantorna MT. Vitamin D and its role in immunology: multiple sclerosis, and inflammatory bowel disease. 2006. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 92(1):60-4.
  23. Cantorna MT, Yu S, Bruce D. The paradoxical effects of vitamin D on type 1 mediated immunity. 2008. Mol Aspects Med 29(6):369-75.
  24. Carrillo-Vico A, Reiter RJ, Lardone PJ, Herrera JL, Fernández-Montesinos R, Guerrero JM, Pozo D. The modulatory role of melatonin on immune responsiveness. 2006. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 7(5):423-31.
  25. Chandra RK. Effect of vitamin and trace-element supplementation on immune responses and infection in elderly subjects. 1992. Lancet 340(8828):1124-7.
  26. Chandra RK. Influence of multinutrient supplement on immune responses and infection-related illness in 50-65 year old individuals. 2002. Nutr Res 22:5-11.
  27. Chavance M, Herbeth B, Lemoine A, Zhu BP. Does multivitamin supplementation prevent infections in healthy elderly subjects? A controlled trial. 1993. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 63(1):11-6.
  28. Sally N Adebamowo, Donna Spiegelman, Walter C Willett, and  Kathryn M Rexrode.  Association between intakes of magnesium, potassium, and calcium and risk of stroke: 2 cohorts of US women and updated meta-analyses. Am J Clin Nutr June 2015 vol. 101  no. 6 1269-1277.
  29. Collins CE, Kershaw J, Brockington S. Effect of nutritional supplements on wound healing in home-nursed elderly: a randomized trial. 2005. Nutrition 21(2):147-55.
  30. Corthésy B, Gaskins HR, Mercenier A. Cross-talk between probiotic bacteria and the host immune system. 2007. J Nutr 137(3 Suppl 2):781S-90S.
  31. Cutolo M, Otsa K. Review: vitamin D, immunity and lupus. 2008. Lupus 17(1):6-10.
  32. Damsgaard CT, Lauritzen L, Kjaer TM, Holm PM, Fruekilde MB, Michaelsen KF, Frøkiaer H. Fish oil supplementation modulates immune function in healthy infants. 2007. J Nutr 137(4):1031-6.
  33. De la Fuente M, Hernanz A, Guayerbas N, Victor VM, Arnalich F. Vitamin E ingestion improves several immune functions in elderly men and women. 2008. Free Radic Res 42(3):272-80.
  34. De la Fuente M, Hernanz A, Vallejo MC. The immune system in the oxidative stress conditions of aging and hypertension: favorable effects of antioxidants and physical exercise. 2005. Antioxid Redox Signal 7(9-10):1356-66.
  35. Dreyfuss ML, Fawzi WW. Micronutrients and vertical transmission of HIV-1. 2002. AJCN 75(6):959-70.
  36. El-Kadiki A, Sutton AJ. Role of multivitamins and mineral supplements in preventing infections in elderly people: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. 2005. BMJ 330(7496):871.
  37. Enioutina EY, Bareyan D, Daynes RA. TLR-induced local metabolism of vitamin D3 plays an important role in the diversification of adaptive immune responses. 2009. J Immunol 182(7):4296-305.
  38. Fawzi WW, Villamor E, Msamanga GI, Antelman G, Aboud S, Urassa W, Hunter D. Trial of zinc supplements in relation to pregnancy outcomes, hematologic indicators, and T cell counts among HIV-1-infected women in Tanzania. 2005. Am J Clin Nutr 81(1):161-7.
  39. Ferguson LR, Philpott M. Cancer prevention by dietary bioactive components that target the immune response. 2007. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 7(5):459-64.
  40. Fogarty A, Lewis S, Weiss S, Britton J. Dietary vitamin E, IgE concentrations, and atopy. 2000. Lancet 356(9241):1573-4.
  41. Fritsche K. Fatty acids as modulators of the immune response. 2006. Annu Rev Nutr 26:45-73.
  42. Froicu M, Cantorna MT. Vitamin D and the vitamin D receptor are critical for control of the innate immune response to colonic injury. 2007. BMC Immunol 8:5.
  43. Fuller CJ, Faulkner H, Bendich A, Parker RS, Roe DA. Effect of beta-carotene supplementation on photosuppression of delayed-type hypersensitivity in normal young men. 1992. Am J Clin Nutr 56(4):684-90.
  44. Gariballa S. Vitamin and mineral supplements for preventing infections in older people. 2005. BMJ 331(7512):304-5.
  45. Gariballa S, Forster S, Walters S, Powers H. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of nutritional supplementation during acute illness. 2006. Am J Med 119(8):693-9.
  46. Girodon F, Galan P, Monget AL, Boutron-Ruault MC, Brunet-Lecomte P, Preziosi P, Arnaud J, Manuguerra JC, Herchberg S, MIN. VIT. AOX. geriatric network. Impact of trace elements and vitamin supplementation on immunity and infections in institutionalized elderly patients: a randomized controlled trial. 1999. Arch Intern Med 159(7):748-54.
  47. Girodon F, Lombard M, Galan P, Brunet-Lecomte P, Monget AL, Arnaud J, Preziosi P, Hercberg S. Effect of micronutrient supplementation on infection in institutionalized elderly subjects: a controlled trial. 1997. Ann Nutr Metab 41(2):98-107.
  48. Gleeson M. Can nutrition limit exercise-induced immunodepression?. 2006. Nutr Rev 64(3):119-31.
  49. Gleeson M, Bishop NC. Elite athlete immunology: importance of nutrition. 2000. Int J Sports Med 21 Suppl 1:S4450.
  50. Gottrand F. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids influence the immune system of infants. 2008. J Nutr 138(9):1807S-12S.
  51. Graat JM, Schouten EG, Kok FJ. Effect of daily vitamin E and multivitamin-mineral supplementation on acute respiratory tract infections in elderly persons: a randomized controlled trial. 2002. JAMA 288(6):715-21.
  52. Haase H, Mocchegiani E, Rink L. Correlation between zinc status and immune function in the elderly. 2006. Biogerontology 7(5-6):421-8.
  53. Håberg SE, London SJ, Stigum H, Nafstad P, Nystad W. Folic acid supplements in pregnancy and early childhood respiratory health. 2009. Arch Dis Child 94(3):180-4.
  54. Hara M, Tanaka K, Hirota Y. Immune response to influenza vaccine in healthy adults and the elderly: association with nutritional status. 2005. Vaccine 23(12):1457-63.
  55. Herraiz LA, Hsieh WC, Parker RS, Swanson JE, Bendich A, Roe DA. Effect of UV exposure and beta-carotene supplementation on delayed-type hypersensitivity response in healthy older men. 1998. J Am Coll Nutr 17(6):617-24.
  56. Hewison M. Vitamin D and the immune system: new perspectives on an old theme. 2010. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 39(2):365-79.
  57. High KP. Micronutrient supplementation and immune function in the elderly. 1999. Clin Infect Dis 28(4):717-22.
  58. High KP. Nutritional strategies to boost immunity and prevent infection in elderly individuals. 2001. Clin Infect Dis 33:1892-900.
  59. Hoffmann PR, Berry MJ. The influence of selenium on immune responses. 2008. Mol Nutr Food Res 52(11):1273-80.
  60. Hojsak I, Snovak N, Abdović S, Szajewska H, Mišak Z, Kolače S. Lactobacillus GG in the prevention of gastrointestinal and respiratory tract infections in children who attend day care centres: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. 2010. Clin Nutr 29(3):312-6.
  61. Holmøy T. Vitamin D status modulates the immune response to Epstein Barr virus: Synergistic effect of risk factors in multiple sclerosis. 2008. Med Hypotheses 70(1):66-9.
  62. Hughes DA, Wright AJA, Finglas PM, Perrless ACJ, Bailey AL, Astley SB, Pinder AC, Southon S. The effect of b-carotene supplementation on the immune function of blood monocytes from healthy male nonsmokers. 1997. J Lab Clin Med 129:309-17.
  63. Hurwitz BE, Klaus JR, Llabre MM, Gonzalez A, Lawrence PJ, Maher KJ, Greeson JM, Baum MK, Shor-Posner G, Skyler JS, Schneiderman N. Suppression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viral load with selenium supplementation: a randomized controlled trial. 2007. Arch Intern Med 167(2):148-54.
  64. Kaiser JD, Campa AM, Ondercin JP, Leoung GS, Pless RF, Baum MK. Micronutrient supplementation increases CD4 count in HIV-infected individuals on highly active antiretroviral therapy: a prospective, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. 2006. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 42(5):523-8.
  65. Lange NE, Litonjua A, Hawrylowicz CM, Weiss S. Vitamin D, the immune system and asthma. 2009. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 5(6):693-702.
  66. Lesourd BM. Nutrition and immunity in the elderly: modification of immune responses with nutritional treatments. 1997. Am J Clin Nutr 66(2):478S-84S.
  67. Leyes P, Martínez E, Forga MT. Use of diet, nutritional supplements and exercise in HIV-infected patients receiving combination antiretroviral therapies: a systematic review. 2008. Antivir Ther 13(2):149-59.
  68. Li-Ng M, Aloia JF, Pollack S, Cunha BA, Mikhail M, Yeh J, Berbari N. A randomized controlled trial of vitamin D3 supplementation for the prevention of symptomatic upper respiratory tract infections. 2009. Epidemiol Infect 137(10):1396-404.
  69. Long KZ, Estrada-Garcia T, Rosado JL, Ignacio Santos J, Haas M, Firestone M, Bhagwat J, Young C, DuPont HL, Hertzmark E, Nanthakumar NN. The effect of vitamin A supplementation on the intestinal immune response in Mexican children is modified by pathogen infections and diarrhea. 2006. J Nutr 136(5):1365-70.
  70. Maggini S, Wintergerst ES, Beveridge S, Hornig DH. Selected vitamins and trace elements support immune function by strengthening epithelial barriers and cellular and humoral immune responses. 2007. BJN 98(Suppl 1):S29-35.
  71. Marko MG, Ahmed T, Bunnell SC, We Dayong, Chung H, Huber BT, Meydani SN. Age-Associated Decline in Effective Immune Synapse Formation of CDR+ T Cells is Reversed by Vitamin E Supplementation. 2007. J Immunol 178:1443-9.
  72. McKay DL, Perrone G, Rasmussen H, Dallal G, Hartman W, Cao G, Prior RL, Roubenoff R, Blumberg JB. The effects of a multivitamin/mineral supplement on micronutrient status, antioxidant capacity and cytokine production in healthy older adults consuming a fortified diet. 2000. J Am Coll Nutr 19(5):613-21.
  73. Merchant AT, Curhan G, Bendich A, Singh VN, Willett WC, Fawzi WW. Vitamin intake is not associated with community-acquired pneumonia in U.S. men. 2004. J Nutr 134:439-44.
  74. Meydani SN, Barklund MP, Liu S, Meydani M, Miller RA, Cannon JG, Morrow FD, Rocklin R, Blumberg JB. Vitamin E supplementation enhances cell-mediated immunity in healthy elderly subjects. 1990. Am J Clin Nutr 52(3):557-63.
  75. Meydani SN, Meydani M, Blumberg JB, Leka LS, Siber G, Loszewski R, Thompson C, Pedrosa MC, Diamond RD, Stollar BD. Vitamin E supplementation and in vivo immune response in healthy elderly subjects: a randomized controlled trial. 1997. JAMA 277(17):1380-6.
  76. Mora JR, Iwata M, von Andrian UH. Vitamin effects on the immune system: vitamins A and D take centre stage. 2008. Nat Rev Immunol 8(9):685-98.
  77. Moreira A, Kekkonen RA, Delgado L, Fonseca J, Korpela R, Haahtela T. Nutritional modulation of exercise-induced immunodepression in athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2007. Eur J Clin Nutr 61(4):443-60.
  78. Muñoz C, Rios E, Olivos J, Brunser O, Olivares M. Iron, copper and immunocompetence. 2007. Br J Nutr 98(Suppl 1):S24-8.
  79. Nakamura K, Kariyazono H, Komokata T, Hamada N, Sakata R, Yamada K. Influence of preoperative administration of omega-3 fatty acid-enriched supplement on inflammatory and immune responses in patients undergoing major surgery for cancer. 2005. Nutrition 21(6):639-49.
  80. Newton S, Owusu-Agyei S, Ampofo W, Zandoh C, Adjuik M, Adjei G, Tchum S, Filteau S, Kirkwood BR. Vitamin A supplementation enhances infants’ immune responses to hepatitis B vaccine but does not affect responses to Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine. 2007. J Nutr 137(5):1272-7.
  81. Nieman DC. Exercise immunology: future directions for research related to athletes, nutrition, and the elderly. 2000. Int J Sports Med 21 Suppl 1:S61-8.
  82. Nieman DC, Henson DA, Gross SJ, Jenkins DP, Davis JM, Murphy EA, Carmichael MD, Dumke CL, Utter AC, McAnulty SR, McAnulty LS, Mayer EP. Quercetin reduces illness but not immune perturbations after intensive exercise. 2007. Med Sci Sports Exerc 39(9):1561-9.
  83. Nugent AP, Roche HM, Noone EJ, Long A, Kelleher DK, Gibney MJ. The effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on immune function in healthy volunteers. 2005. Eur J Clin Nutr 59(6):742-50.
  84. Overbeck S, Rink L, Haase H. Modulating the immune response by oral zinc supplementation: a single approach for multiple diseases. 2008. Arch Immunol Ther Exp 56(1):15-30.
  85. Pagmantidis V, Méplan C, van Schothorst EM, Keijer J, Hesketh JE. Supplementation of healthy volunteers with nutritionally relevant amounts of selenium increases the expression of lymphocyte protein biosynthesis genes. 2008. Am J Clin Nutr 87(1):181-9.
  86. Pallast EG, Schouten EG, de Waart FG, Fonk HC, Doekes G, von Blomberg BM, Kok FJ. Effect of 50-and 100mg vitamin E supplements on cellular immune function in non-institutionalized elderly persons. 1999. Am J Clin Nutr 69(6):1273-81.
  87. Penn ND, Purkins L, Kelleher J, Heatley RV, Mascie-Taylor BH, Belfield PW. The effect of dietary supplementation with vitamins A, C and E on cell-mediated immune function in elderly long-stay patients: a randomized controlled trial. 1991. Age Aging 20(3):169-74.
  88. Pichard C, Sudre P, Karsegard V, Yerly S, Slosman DO, Delley V, Perrin L, Hirschel B, Swiss HIV Cohort Study. A randomized double-blind controlled study of 6 months of oral nutritional supplementation with arginine and omega-3 fatty acids in HIV-infected patients. 1998. AIDS 12(1):53-63.
  89. Prasad AS. Zinc: mechanisms of host defense. 2007. J Nutr 137(5):1345-9.
  90. Prasad AS, Beck FW, Bao B, Fitzgerald JT, Snell DC, Steinberg JD, Cardozo LJ. Zinc supplementation decreases incidence of infections in the elderly: effect of zinc on generation of cytokines and oxidative stress. 2007. Am J Clin Nutr 85(3):837-44.
  91. Rahman MJ, Sarker P, Roy SK, Ahmad SM, Chisti J, Azim T, Mathan M, Sack D, Andersson J, Raqib R. Effects of zinc supplementation as adjunct therapy on the systemic immune responses in shigellosis. 2005. Am J Clin Nutr 81(2):495-502.
  92. Richard SA, Zavaleta N, Caulfield LE, Black RE, Witzig RS, Shankar AH. Zinc and iron supplementation and malaria, diarrhea, and respiratory infections in children in the Peruvian Amazon. 2006. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75(1):126-32.
  93. Richards JB, Valdes AM, Gardner JP, Paximadas D, Kimura M, Nessa A, Lu X, Surdulescu GL, Swaminathan R, Spector TD, Aviv A. Higher serum vitamin D concentrations are associated with longer leukocyte telomere length in women. 2007. Am J Clin Nutr 86(5):1420-5.
  94. Roth DE, Caulfield LE, Ezzati M, Black RE. Acute lower respiratory infections in childhood: opportunities for reducing the global burden through nutritional interventions. 2008. Bull World Health Organ 86(5):356-64.
  95. Ryan-Borchers TA, Park JS, Chew BP, McGuire MK, Fournier LR, Beerman KA. Soy isoflavones modulate immune function in healthy postmenopausal women. 2006. Am J Clin Nutr 83(5):1118-25.
  96. Ryan-Harshman M, Aldoori W. The relevance of selenium to immunity, cancer, and infectious/inflammatory diseases. 2005. Can J Diet Pract Res 66(2):98-102.
  97. Santos MS, Leka LS, Ribaya-Mercado JD, Russell RM, Meydani M, Hennekens CH, Gaziano JM, Meydani SN. Short-and long-term beta-carotene supplementation do not influence T cell-mediated immunity in healthy elderly persons. 1997. Am J Clin Nutr 66(4):917-24.
  98. Schauber J, Gallo RL. The vitamin D pathway: a new target for control of the skin’s immune response?. 2008. Exp Dermatol 17(8):633-9.
  99. Smolders J, Damoiseaux J, Menheere P, Hupperts R. Vitamin D as an immune modulator in multiple sclerosis, a review. 2008. J Neuroimmunol 194(1-2):7-17.
  100. Stephen AI, Avenell A. A systematic review of multivitamin and multimineral supplementation for infection. 2006. J Hum Nutr Diet 19(3):179-90.
  101. Taylor AL, Hale J, Wiltschut J, Lehmann H, Dunstan JA, Prescott SL. Effects of probiotic supplementation for the first 6 months of life on allergen- and vaccine-specific immune responses. 2006. Clin Exp Allergy 36(10):1227-35.
  102. van Etten E, Stoffels K, Gysemans C, Mathieu C, Overbergh L. Regulation of vitamin D homeostasis: implications for the immune system. 2008. Nutr Rev 66(10 Suppl 2):S125-34.
  103. Villamor E, Fawzi WW. Effects of vitamin a supplementation on immune responses and correlation with clinical outcomes. 2005. Clin Microbiol Rev 18(3):446-64.
  104. Walker VP, Modlin RL. The Vitamin D Connection to Pediatric Infections and Immune Function. 2009. Pediatr Res 65(5 Pt 2):106R-13R.
  105. Wang TT, Dabbas B, Laperriere D, Bitton AJ, Soualhine H, Tavera-Mendoza LE, Dionne S, Servant MJ, Bitton A, Seidman EG, Mader S, Behr MA, White JH. Direct and indirect induction by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 of the NOD2/CARD15-defensin beta2 innate immune pathway defective in Crohn disease. 2010. J Biol Chem 285(4):2227-31.
  106. Webb AL, Villamor E. Update: effects of antioxidant and non-antioxidant vitamin supplementation on immune function. 2007. Nutr Rev 65(5):181-217.
  107. White JH. Vitamin D signaling, infectious diseases, and regulation of innate immunity. 2008. Infect Immun 76(9):3837-43.
  108. Winkler P, de Vrese M, Laue Ch, Schrezenmeir J. Effect of a dietary supplement containing probiotic bacteria plus vitamins and minerals on common cold infections and cellular immune parameters. 2005. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 43(7):318-26.
  109. Wintergerst ES, Maggini S, Hornig DH. Contribution of selected vitamins and trace elements to immune function. 2007. Ann Nutr Metab 51(4):301-23.
  110. Wintergerst ES, Maggini S, Hornig DH. Immune-enhancing role of vitamin C and zinc and effect on clinical conditions. 2006. Ann Nutr Metab 50(2):85-94.
  111. Wong CP, Rinaldi NA, Ho E. Zinc deficiency enhanced inflammatory response by increasing immune cell activation and inducing IL6 promoter demethylation. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2015 Feb 5.
  112. Wu D, Meydani SN. Age-associated changes in immune and inflammatory responses: impact of vitamin E intervention. 2008. J Leukoc Biol 84:900-14.
  1. Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss. 2001. Arch Ophthalmol 119:1417-36.
  2. Age-related Eye Disease Study Research Group. A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E and beta carotene for age-related cataract and vision loss. 2001. Arch Ophthalmol 119:1439-52.
  3. Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. The Relationship of Dietary Carotenoid and Vitamin A, E, and C Intake With Age-Related Macular Degeneration in a Case-Control Study: AREDS Report No. 22. 2007. Arch Ophthalmol 125(9):1225-32.
  4. AREDS Research Group. A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss. 2001. Arch Ophthamol 119:1417-36.
  5. AREDS Research Group. A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E and beta carotene for age-related cataract and vision loss. 2001. Arch Ophthamol 119:1439-52.
  6. Bamini Gopinath et al. Homocysteine, folate, vitamin B-12, and 10-y incidence of age-related macular degeneration. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013 May 1.
  7. Berendschot TTJM, Goldbohm RA, Klopping WAA, van de Kraats J, van Norel J, van Norren D. Influence of lutein supplementation on macular pigment, assessed with two objective techniques. 2000. Invest Opthamol Vis Sci 41(11):3322-6.
  8. Bernstein PS, Zhao DY, Wintch SW, Ermakov IV, McClane RW, Gellermann W. Resonance Raman measurement of macular carotenoids in normal subjects and in age related macular degeneration patients. 2002. Ophthalmology 109(10):1780-1787.
  9. Berson EL, Rosner B, Sandberg MA, Weigel-DiFranco C, Brockhurst RJ, Hayes KC, Johnson EJ, Anderson EJ, Johnson CA, Gaudio AR, Willett WC, Schaefer EJ. Clinical trial of lutein in patients with retinitis pigmentosa receiving vitamin A. 2010. Arch Ophthalmol 128(4):403-11.
  10. Birch EE, Carlson SE, Hoffman DR, Fitzgerald-Gustafson KM, Fu VLN, Drover JR, Castañeda YS, Minns L, Wheaton DKH, Mundy D, Marunycz J, Diersen-Schade DA. The DIAMOND (DHA Intake And Measurement Of Neural Development) Study: a double-masked, randomized controlled clinical trial of the maturation of infant visual acuity as a function of the dietary level of docosahexaenoic acid. 2010. AJCN 91(4):848-59.
  11. Bone RA, Landrum JT. Distribution of macular pigment components, zeaxanthin and lutein, in human retina. 1992. Methods in Enzymology 213:360-6.
  12. Bone RA, Landrum JT, Mayne ST, Gomez CM, Tibor SE, Twaroska EE. Macular pigment in donor eyes with and without AMD: a case control study. 2001. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 42(1):135-240.
  13. Brown L, Rimm EB, Seddon JM, Giovannucci EL, Chasan-Taber L, Spiegelman D, Willett WC, Hankinson SE. A prospective study of carotenoid intake and risk of cataract extraction in US men. 1999. Am J Clin Nutr 70(4):517-24.
  14. Bursell SE, Clermont AC, Aiello LP, Aiello LM, Schlossman DK, Feener EP, Laffel L, King GL. High-dose vitamin E supplementation normalizes retinal blood flow and creatinine clearance in patients with type 1 diabetes. 1999. Diabetes Care 22(8):1245-51.
  15. Carpentier S, Knaus M, Suh M. Associations between lutein, zeaxanthin, and age-related macular degeneration: an overview. 2009. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 49(4):313-26.
  16. Chasan-Taber L, Willett WC, Seddon JM, Stampfer MJ, Rosner B, Colditz GA, Speizer FE, Hankinson SE. A prospective study of carotenoid and vitamin A intakes and risk of cataract extraction in US women. 1999. Am J Clin Nutr 70:509-16.
  17. Chasan-Taber L, Willett WC, Seddon JM, Stampfer MJ, Rosner B, Colditz GA, Hankinson SE. A prospective study of vitamin supplement intake and cataract extraction among U.S. women. 1999. Epidemiology 10(6):679-84.
  18. Cho E, Stampfer MJ, Seddon JM, Hung S, Spiegelman D, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Hankinson SE. Prospective study of zinc intake and the risk of age-related macular degeneration. 2001. Ann Epidemiol 11(5):328-36.
  19. Chong EWT, Wong TY, Kreis AJ, Simpson JA, Guymer RH. Dietary antioxidants and primary prevention of age related macular degeneration: systematic review and meta-analysis. 2007. BMJ 335(7623):755.
  20. Christen WG, Ajani UA, Glynn RJ, Manson JE, Schaumberg DA, Chew EC, Buring JE, Hennekens CH. Prospective cohort study of antioxidant vitamin supplement use and the risk of age-related maculopathy. 1999. Am J Epidemiol 149(5):476-84.
  21. Chylack LT Jr, Brown NP, Bron A, Hurst M, Kopcke W, Thien U, Schalch W. The Roche European American Cataract Trial (REACT): a randomized clinical trial to investigate the efficacy of an oral antioxidant micronutrient mixture to slow progression of age-related cataract. 2002. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 9(1):49-80.
  22. Coleman H, Chew E. Nutritional supplementation in age-related macular degeneration. 2007. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 18(3):220-3.
  23. Deinema, L. A., Vingrys, A. J., Wong, C. Y., Jackson, D. C., Chinnery, H. R., & Downie, L. E. (2017). A randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled clinical trial of two forms of omega-3 supplements for treating dry eye disease. Ophthalmology, 124(1), 43-52.
  24. Delcourt C, Cristol J, Tessier F, Leger CL, Descomps B, Papox L, POLA Study Group. Age-related macular degeneration and antioxidant status in the POLA study. 1999. Arch Ophthalmol 117(10):1384-90.
  25. Fletcher E, Bentham GC, Agnew M, Young IS, Augood C, Chakravarthy U, de Jong PT, Rahu M, Seland J, Soubrane G, Tomazzoli L, Topouzis F, Vingerling JR, Vioque J. Sunlight exposure, antioxidants, and age-related macular degeneration. 2008. Arch Ophthalmol 126(10):1396-1403.
  26. Flood V, Smith W, Wang JJ, Manzi F, Webb K, Mitchell P. Dietary antioxidant intake and incidence of early age-related maculopathy: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. 2002. Ophthalmology 109(12):2272-8.
  27. Hammond R Jr, Johnson EZ, Russell RM, Krinsky MI, Yeum KJ, Edwards RM, Snodderly DM. Dietary modification of human macular pigment density. 1997. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 38(9):1795-1801.
  28. Hammond R Jr, Wooten BR, Snodderly DM. Density of the human crystalline lens is related to the macular pigment carotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin. 1997. Optom Vis Sci 74(7):499-504.
  29. Hammond BR et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effects of lutein and zeaxanthin on photostress recovery, glare disability, and chromatic contrast. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014 Dec 2;55(12):8583-9.
  30. Hankinson SE, Stampfer MJ, Seddon JM, Colditz GA, Rosner B, Speizer FE, Willett WC. Nutrient intake and cataract extraction in women: a prospective study. 1992. BMJ 305(6849):335-9.
  31. Hawkins WR. Zinc supplementation for macular degeneration. 1991. Arch Ophthalmol 109:1345.
  32. Jacques PF, Taylor A, Moeller S, Hankinson SE, Rogers G, Tung W, Ludovico J, Willett WC, Chylack LT Jr. Long-term nutrient intake and 5-year change in nuclear lens opacities. 2005. Arch Ophthalmol 123(4):517-26.
  33. Jacques PF, Chylack LT Jr, Hankinson SE, Khu PM, Rogers G, Friend J, Tung W, Wolfe JK, Padhye N. Willett WC, Taylor A. Long-term nutrient intake and early age-related nuclear lens opacities. 2001. Arch Ophthalmol 119(7):1009-19.
  34. Jacques PF, Taylor A, Hankinson SE, Willett WC, Mahnken B, Lee Y, Vaid K, Lahav M. Long-term vitamin C supplement use and prevalence of early age-related lens opacities. 1997. Am J Clin Nutr 66(4):911-6.
  35. Jampol LM. Antioxidants, zinc and age-related macular degeneration results and recommendations. 2001. Arch Ophthalmol 119(10):1533-4.
  36. Jampol LM, Ferris FL III. Antioxidants and zinc to prevent progression of age related macular degeneration. 2001. JAMA 286(19):2466-8.
  37. Johnson J, Hammond BR, Yeum K, Qin J, Wang XD, Castaneda C, Snodderly DM, Russell RM. Relation among serum and tissue concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin and macular pigment density. 2000. Am J Clin Nutr 71(6):1555-62.
  38. Juan Wu, MS; Eunyoung Cho, ScD; Walter C. Willett, MD, MPH, DrPH; Srinivas M. Sastry, MD, MPH; Debra A. Schaumberg, ScD, OD, MPH JAMA Ophthalmol. Published online October 08, 2015. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2015.3590
  39. Koh HH, Murray IJ, Nolan D, Carden D, Feather J, Beatty S. Plasma and macular responses to lutein supplement in subjects with and without age-related maculopathy: a pilot study. 2004. Exp Eye Res 79(1):21-7.
  40. Kowluru RA, Tang J, Kern TS. Abnormalities of retinal metabolism in diabetes and experimental galactosemia. VII. Effect of long-term administration of antioxidants on the development of retinopathy. 2001. Diabetes 50(8):1938-42.
  41. Krishnadev N, Meleth AD, Chew EY. Nutritional supplements for age-related macular degeneration. 2010. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 21(3):184-9.
  42. Kuzniarz M, Mitchell P, Cumming RG, Flood VM. Use of vitamin supplements and cataract: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. 2001. Am J Ophthalmol 132(1):19-26.
  43. Landrum JT, Bone RA. Lutein, zeaxanthin, and the macular pigment. 2001. Arch Biochem Biophys 385(1):28-40.
  44. Landrum JT, Bone RA, Joa H, Kilburn MD, Moore LL, Sprague KE. A one year study of the macular pigment: the effect of 140 days of a lutein supplement. 1997. Exp Eye Res 65(1):57-62.
  45. Laplaud PM, Lelubre A, Chapman MJ. Antioxidant action of Vaccinium myrtillus extract on human low density lipoproteins in vitro: initial observations. 1997. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 11(1):35-40.
  46. Larkin M. Vitamins reduce risk of vision loss from macular degeneration. 2001. Lancet 358(9290):1347.
  47. Leske MC, Chylack LT Jr, He Q, Wu SY, Schoenfeld E, Friend J, Wolfe J. Antioxidant vitamins and nuclear opacities: the longitudinal study of cataract. 1998. Ophthalmology 105(5):831-6.
  48. Leske MC, Wu SY, Connell AM, Hyman L, Schachat AP. Lens opacities, demographic factors and nutritional supplements in the Barbados Eye Study. 1997. Int J Epidemiol 26(6):1314-22.
  49. Lyle BJ, Mares-Perlman JA, Klein BE, Klein R, Greger JL. Antioxidant intake and risk of incident age-related nuclear cataracts in the Beaver Dam Eye Study. 1999. Am J Epidemiol 149(9):801-9.
  50. Lyle BJ, Mares-Perlman JA, Klein BE, Klein R, Palta M, Bowen PE, Greger JL. Serum carotenoids and tocopherols and incidence of age-related nuclear cataract. 1999. Am J Clin Nutr 69(2):272-7.
  51. Mares-Perlman JA, Brady WE, Klein R, Klein BE, Bowen P, Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis M, Palta M. Serum antioxidants and age-related macular degeneration in a population-based case-control study. 1995. Arch Ophthalmol 113(12):1518-23.
  52. Mares-Perlman JA, Klein BE, Klein R, Ritter LL. Relation between lens opacities and vitamin and mineral supplement use. 1994. Ophthalmology 101(2):315-25.
  53. Mares-Perlman JA, Lyle BJ, Klein R, Fisher AI, Brady WE, VandenLangenberg GM, Trabulsi JN, Palta M. Vitamin supplement use and incident cataracts in a population-based study. 2000. Arch Ophthalmol 118(11):1556-63.
  54. McNeil JJ, Robman L, Tikellis G, Sinclair MI, McCarty CA, Taylor HR. Vitamin E supplementation and cataract: randomized controlled trial. 2004. Ophthalmology 111(1):75-84.
  55. Moeller SM, Parekh N, Tinker L, Ritenbaugh C, Blodi B, Wallace RB, Mares JA. Associations between intermediate age-related macular degeneration and lutein and zeaxanthin in the Carotenoids in Age-related Eye Disease Study (CAREDS): ancillary study of the Women’s Health Initiative. 2006. Arch Ophthalmol 124(8):1151-62.
  56. Moeller SM, Voland R, Tinker L, Blodi BA, Klein ML, Gehrs KM, Johnson EJ, Snodderly DM, Wallace RB, Chappell RJ, Parekh N, Ritenbaugh C, Mares JA. Associations Between Age-Related Nuclear Cataract and Lutein and Zeaxanthin in the Diet and Serum in the Carotenoids in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (CAREDS), an Ancillary Study of the Women’s Health Initiative. 2008. Arch Ophthalmology 126(3):354-64.
  57. Olmedilla B, Granado F, Blanco I, Vaquero M. Lutein, but not alpha-tocopherol, supplementation improves visual function in patients with age-related cataracts: a 2-y double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. 2003. Nutrition 19(1):21-4.
  58. Parekh N, Chappell RJ, Millen AE, Albert DM, Mares JA. Association between vitamin D and age-related macular degeneration in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988 through 1994. 2007. Arch Ophthalmol 125(5):661-9.
  59. Richer S, Stiles W, Statkute L, Pulido J, Frankowski J, Rudy D, Pei K, Tsipursky M, Nyland J. Double-masked, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of lutein and antioxidant supplementation in the intervention of atrophic age-related macular degeneration: the Veterans Last study (Lutein Antioxidant Supplementation Trial). 2004. Optometry 75:216-30.
  60. Robertson JM, Donner AP, Trevithick JR. A possible role for vitamins C and E in cataract prevention. 1991. Am J Clin Nutr 53(1 Suppl):346S-51S.
  61. Sangiovanni JP, Agrón E, Meleth AD, Reed GF, Sperduto RD, Clemons TE, Chew EY; Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. {omega}-3 Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid intake and 12-y incidence of neovascular age-related macular degeneration and central geographic atrophy: AREDS report 30, a prospective cohort study from the Age-Related Eye Disease Study. 2009. Am J Clin Nutr 90(6):1601-7.
  62. Seddon JM. Multivitamin-multimineral supplements and eye disease: age-related macular degeneration and cataract. 2007. AJCN 85(1):304S-7S.
  63. Seddon JM, Christen WG, Manson JE, LaMotte FS, Glynn RJ, Buring JE, Hennekens CH. The use of vitamin supplements and the risk of cataract among US male physicians. 1994. Am J Public Health 84(5):788-92.
  64. Smith W, Mitchell P, Webb K, Leeder SR. Dietary antioxidant and age-related maculopathy: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. 1999. Ophthalmology 106(4):761-7.
  65. Sperduto RD, Hu TS, Milton RC, Zhao JL, Everett DF, Cheng QF, Blot WJ, Bing L, Taylor PR, Li JY, et al. The Linxian cataract studies: two nutrition intervention trials. 1993. Arch Ophthalmol 111(9):1246-53.
  66. Stringham, J. M., Stringham, N. T., & O’Brien, K. J. (2017). Macular Carotenoid Supplementation Improves Visual Performance, Sleep Quality, and Adverse Physical Symptoms in Those with High Screen Time Exposure. Foods, 6(7), 47.
  67. Stur M, Tittl M, Reitner A, Meisinger V. Oral zinc and the second eye in age-related macular degeneration. 1996. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 37(7):1225-35.
  68. Tanya S. Glaser, MD et al. The Association of Dietary Lutein plus Zeaxanthin and B Vitamins with Cataracts in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study. Ophthalmology July 2015 Volume 122, Issue 7, Pages 1471–1479.
  69. Taylor A, Jacques PF, Chylack LT Jr, Hankinson SE, Khu PM, Rogers G, Friend J, Tung W, Wolfe JK, Padhye N, Willett WC. Long-term intake of vitamins and carotenoids and odds of early age-related cortical and posterior subcapsular lens opacities. 2002. Am J Clin Nutr 75(3):540-9.
  70. Taylor HR, Tikellis G, Robman LD, McCarty CA, McNeil JJ. Vitamin E supplementation and macular degeneration: randomised controlled trial. 2002. BMJ 325(7354):11.
  71. Teikari JM, Virtamo J, Rautalahti M, Palmgren J, Liesto K, Heinonen OP. Long-term supplementation with alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene and age-related cataract. 1997. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 75(6):634-40.
  72. Trumbo PR, Ellwood KC. Lutein and zeaxanthin intakes and risk of age-related macular degeneration and cataracts: an evaluation using the Food and Drug Administration’s evidence-based review system for health claims. 2006. Am J Clin Nutr 84(5):971-4.
  73. Van Leeuwen R, Boekhoorn S, Vingerling JR, Witteman JC, Klaver CC, Hofman A, de Jong PT. Dietary intake of antioxidants and risk of age-related macular degeneration. 2005. JAMA 294(24):3101-7.
  1. Ahn J, Peters U, Albanes D, Purdue MP, Abnet CC, Chatterjee N, Horst RL, Hollis BW, Huang WY, Shikany JM, Hayes RB; Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial Project Team. Serum vitamin D concentration and prostate cancer risk: a nested case-control study. 2008. J Natl Cancer Inst 100(11):796-804.
  2. Albanes D, Heinonen OP, Huttunen JK, Taylor PR, Virtamo J, Edwards BK, Haapakoski J, Rautalahti M, Hartman AM, Palmgren J, et al. Effects of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplements on cancer incidence in the Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study. 1995. Am J Clin Nutri 62(6 Suppl):1427S-30S.
  3. Albanes D, Malila N, Taylor PR, Huttunen JK, Virtamo J, Edwards BK, Rautalahti M, Hartman AM, Barrett MJ, Pietinen P, Hartman TJ, Sipponen P, Lewin K, Teerenhovi L, Hietanen P, Tangrea JA, Virtanen M, Heinonen OP. Effects of supplemental alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene on colorectal cancer: results from a controlled trial (Finland). 2000. Cancer Causes Control 11(3):197-205.
  4. Ames BN. DNA damage from micronutrient deficiencies is likely to be a major cause of cancer. 2001. Mutat Res 475(1-2):7-20.
  5. Amieva H, Meillon C, Helmer C, Barberger-Gateau P, Dartigues JF (2013) Ginkgo Biloba Extract and Long-Term Cognitive Decline: A 20-Year Follow-Up Population-Based Study. PLoS ONE 8(1): e52755.
  6. Argyriou AA, Chroni E, Koutras A, Ellul J, Papapetropoulos S, Katsoulas G, Iconomou G, Kalofonos HP. Vitamin E for prophylaxis against chemotherapy-induced neuropathy: a randomized controlled trial. 2005. Neurology 64(1):26-31.
  7. Ascherio A. Weisskopf MG, O’Reilly EJ, Jacobs EJ, McCullough ML, Calle EE, Cudkowicz M, Thun MJ. Vitamin E intake and risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. 2005. Ann Neurol 57(1):104-10.
  8. B S van der Meij et al. Oral nutritional supplements containing n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids affect quality of life and functional status in lung cancer patients during multimodality treatment: an RCT. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2012) 66, 399–404.
  9. Bairati I, Meyer F, Gelinas M, Fortin A, Nabid A, Brochet F, Mercier JP, Tetu B, Harel F, Masse B, Vigneault E, Vass S, del Vecchio P, Roy J. A randomized trial of antioxidant vitamins to prevent second primary cancers in head and neck cancer patients. 2005. J Natl Cancer Inst 97(7):481-8.
  10. Baker DE, Campbell RK. Vitamin and mineral supplementation in patients with diabetes mellitus. 1992. Diabetes Educ 18(5):420-7.
  11. Baron JA, Beach M, Mandel JS, van Stolk RU, Haile RW, Sandler RS, Rothstein R, Summers RW, Snover DC, Beck GJ, Bond JH, Greenberg ER. Calcium supplements for the prevention of colorectal adenomas. Calcium Polyp Prevention Study Group. 1999. N Engl J Med 340(2):101-7.
  12. Belluzzi A, Brignola C, Campieri M, Pera A, Boschi S, Miglioli M. Effect of an enteric-coated fish-oil preparation on relapses in Crohn’s disease. 1996. N Engl J Med 334(24):1557-60.
  13. Ben Schöttker et al. Strong associations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations with all-cause, cardiovascular, cancer, and respiratory disease mortality in a large cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr 2013 Apr; 97(4):782-793.
  14. Bendich A, Mallick R, Leader S. Potential health economic benefits of vitamin supplementation. 1997. West J Med 166(5):306-12.
  15. Bendich A. The potential for dietary supplements to reduce premenstrual syndrome (PMS) symptoms. 2000. J Am Coll Nutr 19(1):3-12.
  16. Benner SE, Winn RJ, Lippman SM, Poland J, Hansen KS, Luna MA, Hong WK. Regression of oral leukoplakia with alpha-tocopherol: a community clinical oncology program chemoprevention study. 1993. J Natl Cancer Inst 85(1):44-7.
  17. Benton D, Buts JP. Vitamin/mineral supplementation and intelligence. 1990. Lancet 335(8698):1158-60.
  18. Bernstein WK, Khastgir T, Khastgir A, Hernandez E, Miller J, Schonfeld SA, Nissim JE, Chernow B. Lack of effectiveness of magnesium in chronic stable asthma. A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial in normal subjects and in patients with chronic stable asthma. 1995. Arch Intern Med 155(3):271-6.
  19. Bertone-Johnson ER, Hankinson SE, Bendich A, Johnson SR, Willett WC, Manson JE. Calcium and vitamin D intake and risk of incident premenstrual syndrome. 2005. Arch Intern Med 165(11):1246-52.
  20. Bischoff HA, Stahelin HB, Dick W, Akos R, Knecht M, Salis C, Nebiker M, Theiler R, Pfeifer M, Begerow B, Lew RA, Conzelmann M. Effects of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on falls: a randomized controlled trial. 2003. J Bone Miner Res 18(2):343-51.
  21. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dawson-Hughes B, Willett WC, Staehelin HB, Bazemore MG, Zee RY, Wong JB. Effect of vitamin D on falls: a meta-analysis. 2004. JAMA 291(16):1999-2006.
  22. Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Simonetti RG, Gluud C. Antioxidant supplements for prevention of gastrointestinal cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2004. Lancet 364:1219-28.
  23. Black PN, Scragg R. Relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d and pulmonary function in the third national health and nutrition examination survey. 2005. Chest 128(6):3792-8.
  24. Blee TH, Cogbill TH, Lambert PJ. Hemorrhage associated with vitamin C deficiency in surgical patients. 2002. Surgery 131(4):408-12.
  25. Block G. Vitamin C and cancer prevention: the epidemiologic evidence. 1991. AJCN 53(1 Suppl):270S-82S.
  26. Blot WJ, Li JY, Taylor PR, Guo W, Dawsey S, Wang GQ, Yang CS, Zheng SF, Gail M, Li GY, et al. Nutrition intervention trials in Linxian, China: supplementation with specific vitamin/mineral combinations, cancer incidence, and disease-specific mortality in the general population. 1993. J Natl Cancer Inst 85(18):1483-92.
  27. Blot WJ. Vitamin/mineral supplementation and cancer risk: international chemoprevention trials. 1997. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 216(2):291-6.
  28. Bonithon-Kopp C, Kronborg O, Giacosa A, Rath U, Faivre J, European Cancer Prevention Organisation Study Group. Calcium and fibre supplementation in prevention of colorectal adenoma recurrence: a randomized intervention trial. 2000. Lancet 356(9238):1300-6.
  29. Bo, S., Gambino, R., Ponzo, V., Cioffi, I., Goitre, I., Evangelista, A., … & Procopio, M. (2018). Effects of resveratrol on bone health in type 2 diabetic patients. A double-blind randomized-controlled trial. Nutrition & diabetes, 8(1), 51.
  30. Bostick RM, Potter JD, McKenzie DR, Sellers TA, Kushi LH, Steinmetz KA, Folsom AR. Reduced risk of colon cancer with high intake of vitamin E: the Iowa Women’s Health Study. 1993. Cancer Res 53(18):4230-7.
  31. Brasky TM, Lampe JW, Potter JD, Patterson RE, White E. Specialty Supplements and Breast Cancer Risk in the VITamins And Lifestyle (VITAL) Cohort. 2010. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 19(7):1696-708.
  32. Brouwers FM, Van Der Werf S, Bleijenberg G, Van Der Zee L, Van Der Meer JW. The effect of a polynutrient supplement on fatigue and physical activity of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. 2002. QJM 95(10):677-83.
  33. Bryan J. Calvaresi E, Hughes D. Short-term folate, vitamin B-12 or vitamin B-6 supplementation slightly affects memory performance but not mood in women of various ages. 2002. J Nutr 132(6):1345-56.
  34. Bursell SE, Clermont AC, Aiello LP, Aiello LM, Schlossman DK, Feener EP, Laffel. Mortality associated with low plasma concentration of beta carotene and the effect of oral supplementation. 1996. JAMA 275(9):699-703.
  35. Bursell SE, Clermont AC, Aiello LP, Aiello LM, Schlossman DK, Feener EP, Laffel L, King GL. High-dose vitamin E supplementation normalizes retinal blood flow and creatinine clearance in patients with type 1 diabetes. 1999. Diabetes Care 22(8):1245-51.
  36. Cangussu LM1, Nahas-Neto J, Orsatti CL, Bueloni-Dias FN, Nahas EA Effect of vitamin D supplementation alone on muscle function in postmenopausal women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Osteoporos Int. 2015 May 9.
  37. Carroll D, Ring C, Suter M, Willemsen G. The effects of an oral multivitamin combination with calcium, magnesium, and zinc on psychological well-being in healthy young male volunteers: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. 2000. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 150(2):220-5.
  38. Cerhan JR, Saag KG, Merlino LA, Mikuls TR, Criswell LA. Antioxidant micronutrients and risk of rheumatoid arthritis in a cohort of older women. 2003. Am J Epidemiol 157:345-54.
  39. Chan JM, Stampfer MJ, Ma J, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Giovannucci EL. Supplemental vitamin E intake and prostate cancer risk in a large cohort of men in the United States. 1999. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 8(10):893-9.
  40. Chlebowski RT, Johnson KC, Kooperberg C, Pettinger M, Wactawski-Wende J, Rohan T, Rossouw J, Lane D, O’Sullivan MJ, Yasmeen S, Hiatt RA, Shikany JM, Vitolins M, Khandekar J, Hubbell FA. Calcium Plus Vitamin D Supplementation and the Risk of Breast Cancer. 2008. J Natl Cancer Inst 100(22):1581-91.
  41. Cho E, Smith-Warner SA, Spiegelman D, Beeson WL, vanden Brandt PA, Colditz GA, Folsom AR, Fraser GE, Freudenheim JL, Giovannucci E, Goldbohm RA, Graham S, Miller AB, Pietinen P, Potter JD, Rohan TE, Terry P, Toniolo P, Virtanen MJ, Willett WC, Wolk A, Wu K, Yaun SS, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Hunter DJ. Dairy foods, calcium, and colorectal cancer: a pooled analysis of 10 cohort studies. 2004. J Natl Cancer Inst 96(13):1015-22.
  42. Choi SW, Mason JB. Folate and carcinogenesis: an integrated scheme. 2000. J Nutr 130(2):129-32.
  43. Chuang S-chun, Norat T, Murphy N, et al. Fiber intake and total and cause-specific mortality in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;96(1):164-74.
  44. Clark LC, Combs GF Jr, Turnbull BW, Slate EH, Chalker DK, Chow J, Davis LS, Glover RA, Graham GF, Gross EG, Krongrad A, Lesher JL Jr, Park HK, Sanders BB Jr, Smith CL, Taylor JR. Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin. A randomized controlled trial. Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Study Group. 1996. JAMA 276(24):1957-63.
  45. Clark LC, Dalkin B, Krongrad A, Combs GF Jr, Turnbull BW, Slate EH, Witherington R, Herlong JH, Janosko E, Carpenter D, Borosso C, Falk S, Rounder J. Decreased incidence of prostate cancer with selenium supplementation: results of a double-blind cancer prevention trial. 1998. Br J Urol 81(5):730-4.
  46. Clarke R, Halsey J, Lewington S, Lonn E, Armitage J, Manson JAE. Bønaa KH, Spence JD, Nygård O, Jamison R, Gaziano JM, Guarino P, Bennett D, Mir F, Peto R, Collins R, B-Vitamin Treatment Trialists’ Collaboration. Effects of Lowering Homocysteine Levels with B Vitamins on Cardiovascular Disease, Cancer, and Cause-Specific Mortality. 2010. Arch Intern Med 170(18):1622-31.
  47. Clarke R, Smith AD, Jobst KA, Refsum H, Sutton L, Ueland PM. Folate, vitamin B12, and serum total homocysteine levels in confirmed Alzheimer disease. 1998. Arch Neurol 55(11):1449-55.
  48. Combs GF Jr, Clark LC, Turnbull BW. Reduction of cancer risk with an oral supplement of selenium. 1997. Biomed Environ Sci 10(2-3):227-34.
  49. Cook NR, Le IM, Manson JE, Buring JE, Hennekens CH. Effects of beta-carotene supplementation on cancer incidence by baseline characteristics in the Physicians’ Health Study (United States). 2000. Cancer Causes Control 11(7):617-26.
  50. Correa P, Fontham ET, Bravo JC, Bravo LE, Ruiz B, Zarama G, Realpe JL, Malcom GT, Li D, Johnson WD, Mera R. Chemoprevention of gastric dysplasia: randomized trial of antioxidant supplements and anti-helicobacter pylori therapy. 2000. J Natl Cancer Inst 92(23):1881-8.
  51. Cummingham JJ. Micronutrients as nutriceutical interventions in diabetes mellitus. 1998. J Am Coll Nutr 17(1):7.
  52. Curhan GC, Willett WC, Speizer FE, Spiegelman D, Stampfer MJ. Comparison of dietary calcium with supplemental calcium and other nutrients as factors affecting the risk of kidney stones in women. 1997. Ann Intern Med 126(7):497-504.
  53. Davis CD. Vitamin D and cancer: current dilemmas and future research needs. 2008. Am J Clin Nutr 88(2): 565S-9S.
  54. Duffield-Lillico AJ, Slate EH, Reid ME, Turnbull BW, Wilkins PA, Combs GF Jr, Park HK, Gross EG, Graham GF, Stratton MS, Marshall JR, Clark LC: Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Study Group. Selenium supplementation and secondary prevention of nonmelanoma skin cancer in a randomized trial. 2003. J Natl Cancer Inst 95(19):1477-81.
  55. Ebbing M, Bønaa KH, Nygård O, Arnesen E, Ueland PM, Nordrehaug JE, Rasmussen K, Njølstad I, Refsum H, Nilsen DW, Tverdal A, Meyer K, Vollset SE. Cancer incidence and mortality after treatment with folic acid and vitamin B12. 2009. JAMA 302(19):2119-26.
  56. Edmonds SE, Winyard PG, Guo R, Kidd B, Merry P, Langrish-Smith A, Hansen C, Ramm S, Blake DR. Putative analgesic activity of repeated oral doses of vitamin E in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Results of a prospective placebo controlled double blind trial. 1997. Ann Rheum Dis 56(11):649-55.
  57. Egan KM, Signorello LB, Munro HM, Hargreaves MK, Hollis BW, Blot WJ. Vitamin D insufficiency among African-Americans in the southeastern United States: implications for cancer disparities (United States). 2008. Cancer Causes Control 19(5):527-35.
  58. Engelhart MJ, Geerlings MI, Ruitenberg A, van Swieten JC, Hofman A, Witteman JC, Breteler MM. Dietary intake of antioxidants and risk of Alzheimer disease. 2002. JAMA 287(24):3223-9.
  59. Fairfield KM, Fletcher RH. Vitamins for chronic disease prevention in adults: scientific review. 2002. JAMA 287(23):3116-26.
  60. Fedirko V, Bostick RM, Goodman M, Flanders WD, Gross MD. Blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 concentrations and incident sporadic colorectal adenoma risk: a pooled case-control study. 2010. Am J Epidemiol 172(5):489-500.
  61. Fenton WS, Dickerson F, Boronow J, Hibbein JR, Knable M. A placebo-controlled trial of omega-3 fatty acid (ethyl eicosapentaenoic acid) supplementation for residual symptoms and cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. 2001. Am J Psychiatry 158(12):2071-4.
  62. Fleischauer AT, Olson SH, Mignone L, Simonsen N, Caputo TA, Harlap S. Dietary antioxidants, supplements, and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. 2001. Nutr Cancer 40(2):92-8.
  63. Fleischauer AT, Simonsen N, Arab L. Antioxidant supplements and risk of breast cancer recurrence and breast cancer-related mortality among postmenopausal women. 2003. Nutr Cancer 46(1):15-22.
  64. Fletcher RH, Fairfield KM. Vitamins for chronic disease prevention in adults: clinical applications. 2002. JAMA 287(23):3127-9.
  65. Flicker L, MacInnis RJ, Stein MS, Scherer SC, Mead KE, Nowson CA, Thomas J, Lowndes C, Hopper JL, Wark JD. Should older people in residential care receive vitamin D to prevent falls? Results of a randomized trial. 2005. J Am Geriatr Soc 53(11):1881-8.
  66. Flood A, Peters U, Chatterjee N, Lacey JV Jr, Schairer C, Schatzkin A. Calcium from diet and supplements is associated with reduced risk of colorectal cancer in a prospective cohort of women. 2005. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 14(1):126-32.
  67. Fogarty A, Lewis SA, Scrivener SL, Antoniak M, Pacey S, Pringle M, Britton J. Oral magnesium and vitamin C supplements in asthma: a parallel group randomized placebo-controlled trial. 2003. Clin Exp Allergy 33(10):1355-9.
  68. Freedman DM, Chang SC, Falk RT, Purdue MP, Huang WY, McCarty CA, Hollis BW, Graubard BI, Berg CD, Ziegler RG. Serum levels of vitamin D metabolites and breast cancer risk in the prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian cancer screening trial. 2008. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 17(4):889-94.
  69. Frusso R, Zarate M, Augustovski F, Rubinstein A. Magnesium for the treatment of nocturnal leg cramps: a crossover randomized trial. 1999. J Fam Pract 48(11):868-71.
  70. Gandini S, Raimondi S, Gnagnarella P, Doré JF, Maisonneuve P, Testori A. Vitamin D and skin cancer: a meta-analysis. 2009. Eur J Cancer 45(4):634-41.
  71. Garland CF, Gorham ED, Mohr SB, Garland FC. Vitamin D for cancer prevention: global perspective. 2009. Ann Epidemiol 19(7):468-83.
  72. Gaziano J, Sesso HD, Christen WG, et al. Multivitamins in the Prevention of Cancer in Men: The Physicians’ Health Study II Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA. 2012;308(18):1871-1880.
  73. Gaziano JM, Glynn RJ, Christen WG, Kurth T, Belanger C, MacFadyen J, Bubes V, Manson JE, Sesso HD, Buring JE. Vitamins E and C in the prevention of prostate and total cancer in men: the Physicians’ Health Study II randomized controlled trial. 2009. JAMA 301(1):52-62.
  74. Giovannucci E, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Hunter DJ, Fuchs C, Rosner BA, Speizer FE, Willett WC. Multivitamin use, folate, and colon cancer in women in the Nurses’ Health Study. 1998. Ann Intern Med 129(7):517-24.
  75. Giovannucci E. The epidemiology of vitamin D and colorectal cancer: recent findings. 2006. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 22(1):24-9.
  76. Giovannucci E. Vitamin D and cancer incidence in the Harvard cohorts. 2009. Ann Epidemiol 19(2):84-8.
  77. Goodwin PJ, Ennis M, Pritchard KI, Koo J, Hood N. Frequency of vitamin D (Vit D) deficiency at breast cancer (BC) diagnosis and association with risk of distant recurrence and death in a prospective cohort study of T1–3, N0–1, M0 B. 2008. J Clin Oncology 26(15S; May 20 Supplement):511.
  78. Gopinath B, Flood VM, Rochtchina E, McMahon CM, Mitchell P. Consumption of omega-3 fatty acids and fish and risk of age-related hearing loss. 2010. Am J Clin Nutr 92(2):416-21.
  79. Gorham ED, Garland CF, Garland FC, Grant WB, Mohr SB, Lipkin M, Newmark HL, Giovannucci E, Wei M, Holick MF. Optimal vitamin D status for colorectal cancer prevention: a quantitative meta analysis. 2007. Am J Prev Med 32(3):210-6.
  80. Grau MV, Baron JA, Sandler RS, Haile RW, Beach ML, Church TR, Heber D. Vitamin D, calcium supplementation, and colorectal adenomas: results of a randomized trial. 2003. J Natl Cancer Inst 95(23):1736-7.
  81. Grether‐Beck, S., Marini, A., Jaenicke, T., Stahl, W., & Krutmann, J. (2017). Molecular evidence that oral supplementation with lycopene or lutein protects human skin against ultraviolet radiation: results from a double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled, crossover study. British Journal of Dermatology, 176(5), 1231-1240.
  82. Gridley G, McLaughlin JK, Block G, Blot WJ, Gluch M, Fraumeni JF Jr. Vitamin supplement use and reduced risk of oral and pharyngeal cancer. 1992. Am J Epidemiol 135(10):1083-92.
  83. Grodstein F, Chen J, Willett WC. High-dose antioxidant supplements and cognitive function in community-dwelling elderly women. 2003. Am J Clin Nutr 77(4):975-84.
  84. Groten, K., Marini, A., Grether-Beck, S., Jaenicke, T., Ibbotson, S. H., Moseley, H., … & Krutmann, J. (2019). Tomato phytonutrients balance UV response: results from a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Skin pharmacology and physiology, 32(2), 101-108.
  85. Hasselmark L, Malmgren R, Zetterstrom O, Unge G. Selenium supplementation in intrinsic asthma. 1993. Allergy 48:30-36.
  86. Hatfield DL, Gladyshev VN. The Outcome of Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) Reveals the Need for Better Understanding of Selenium Biology. 2009. Mol Interv 9(1):18-21.
  87. Heather Eliassen et al.  Plasma carotenoids and risk of breast cancer over 20 y of follow-up. Am J Clin Nutr doi: 10.3945/ajcn.114.105080
  88. Heinonen OP, Albanes D, Virtamo J, Taylor PR, Huttunen JK, Hartman AM, Haapakoski J, Malila N, Rautalahti M, Ripatti S, Maenpaa H, Teerenhovi L, Koss L, Virolainen M, Edwards BK. Prostate cancer and supplementation with alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene: incidence and mortality in a controlled trial. 1998. J Natl Cancer Inst 90(6):440-6.
  89. Helmy M, Shohyeb M, Helmy MH, el-Bassiouni EA. Antioxidants as adjuvant therapy in rheumatoid disease. A preliminary study. 2001. Arzneimittelforschung 51(4):293-8.
  90. Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Manson JE, Stampfer M, Rosner B, Cook NR, Belanger C, LaMotte F, Gaziano JM, Ridker PM, Willett W, Peto R. Lack of effect of long-term supplementation with beta carotene on the incidence of malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease. 1996. N Engl J Med 334(18):1150-5.
  91. Hercberg S, Galan P, Preziosi P, Bertrais S, Mennen L, Malvy D, Roussel AM, Favier A, Briancon S. The SU.VI. MAX Study: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the health effects of antioxidant vitamins and minerals. 2004. Arch Intern Med 164(21):2335-42.
  92. Hernaandez J, Syed S, Weiss G, Fernandes G, von Merveldt Dl, Troyer DA, Basler JW, Thompson IM Jr. The modulation of prostate cancer risk with alpha-tocopherol: a pilot randomized, controlled clinical trial. 2005. J Urol 174(2):519-22.
  93. Hill J, Micklewright A, Lewis S, Britton J. Investigation of the effect of short-term change in dietary magnesium intake in asthma. 1997. Eur Respir J 10(10):2225-9.
  94. Hoenjet KM, Dagnelie PC, Delaere KP, Wijckmans NE, Zambon JV, Oosterhof GO. Effect of a nutritional supplement containing vitamin E, selenium, vitamin c and coenzyme Q10 on serum PSA in patients with hormonally untreated carcinoma of the prostate: a randomized placebo-controlled study. 2005. Eur Urol 47(4):433-9.
  95. Ishitani K, Lin J, Mason JE, Buring JE, Zhang SM. A Prospective Study of Multivitamin Supplement Use and Risk of Breast Cancer. 2008. Am J Epidemiol 167(10):1197-206.
  96. Jackson MJ. Diagnosis and detection of deficiencies of micronutrients: minerals. 1999. Br Med Bull 55(3):634-42.
  97. Jacob RA, Aiello GM, Stephensen CB, Blumberg JB, Milbury PE, Wallock LM, Ames BN. Moderate antioxidant supplementation has no effect on biomarkers of oxidant damage in healthy men with low fruit and vegetable intakes. 2003. J Nutr 133:740-3.
  98. Janssen HC, Samson MM, Verhaar HJ. Vitamin D deficiency, muscle function, and falls in elderly people. 2002. Am J Clin Nutr 75(4):611-5.
  99. Jian L et al. Do dietary lycopene and other carotenoids protect against prostate cancer? Int J Cancer. 2005 Mar 1;113(6):1010-4.
  100. Johansson M, Appleby PN, Allen NE, Travis RC, Roddam AW, Egevad L, Jenab M, Rinaldi S, Kiemeney LA, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Vollset SE, Ueland PM, Sánchez MJ, Quirós JR, González CA, Larrañaga N, Chirlaque MD, Ardanaz E, Sieri S, Palli D, Vineis P, Tumino R, Linseisen J, Kaaks R, Boeing H, Pischon T, Psaltopoulou T, Trichopoulou A, Trichopoulos D, Khaw KT, Bingham S, Hallmans G, Riboli E, Stattin P, Key TJ. Circulating concentrations of folate and vitamin B12 in relation to prostate cancer risk: results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study. 2008. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 17(2):279-85.
  101. Kennedy DO, Veasey R, Watson A, Dodd F, Jones E, Maggini S, Haskell CF. Effects of high-dose B vitamin complex with vitamin C and minerals on subjective mood and performance in healthy males. 2010. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 211(1):55-68.
  102. Kenny AM, Biskup B, Robbins B, Marcella G, Burleson JA. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on strength, physical function, and health perception in older, community-dwelling men. 2003. J Am Geriatr Soc 51(12):1762-7.
  103. Kilkkinen A, Knekt P, Heliövaara M, Rissanen H, Marniemi J, Hakulinen T, Aromaa A. Vitamin D Status and the Risk of Lung Cancer: A Cohort Study in Finland. 2008. Cancer Epidem Biomarkers Prev 17:3274.
  104. Kirsh VA, Hayes RB, Mayne ST, Chatterjee N, Subar AF, Dixon LB, Albanes D, Andriole GL, Urban DA, Peters U; PLCO Trial. Supplemental and dietary vitamin E, beta-carotene, and vitamin C intakes and prostate cancer risk. 2006. J Natl Cancer Inst 98(4):245-54.
  105. Klein EA. The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial. 2009. Cur Clin Urol 6:349-60.
  106. Knekt P, Kilkkinen A, Rissanen H, Marniemi J, Sääksjärvi K, Heliövaara M. Serum vitamin D and the risk of Parkinson disease. 2010. Arch Neurol 67(7):808-11.
  107. Kranse R, Dagnelie PC, van Kemenade MC, de Jong FH, Blom JH, Tijburg LB, Weststrate JA, Schroder FH. Dietary intervention in prostate cancer patients: PSA response in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. 2005. Int J Cancer 113(5):835-40.
  108. Kremer JM, Lawrence DA, Petrillo GF, Litts LL, Mullaly PM, Rynes RI, Stocker RP, Parhami N, Greenstein NS, Fuchs BR, Mathur A, Robinson DR, Sperling RI, Bigaouette J. Effects of high-dose fish oil on rheumatoid arthritis after stopping nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. 1995. Arthritis Rheum 38(8):1107-14.
  109. Kremer JM. n-3 Fatty acid supplements in rheumatoid arthritis. 2000. Am J Clin Nutr 71(suppl):349S-51S.
  110. Kristal AR, Stanford JL, Cohen JH, Wicklund K, Patterson RE. Vitamin and mineral supplement use is associated with reduced risk of prostate cancer. 1999. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 8(10):887-92.
  111. Lamm DL, Riggs DR, Shriver JS, vanGilder PF, Rach JF, DeHaven JI. Megadose vitamins in bladder cancer: a double-blind clinical trial. 1994. J Urol 151(1):21-6.
  112. Larsson SC, Giovannucci E, Wolk A. Vitamin B6 intake, alcohol consumption, and colorectal cancer: a longitudinal population-based cohort of women. 2005. Gastroenterology 128(7):1830-7.
  113. Larsson SC, Orsini N, Wolk A. Vitamin B6 and risk of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. 2010. JAMA 303(11):1077-83.
  114. Latham NK, Anderson CS, Reid IR. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on strength, physical performance, and falls in older persons: a systematic review. 2003. J Am Geriatr Soc 51(9):1219-26.
  115. Le Marchand L, White KK, Nomura AM, Wilkens LR, Selhub JS, Tiirikainen M, Goodman MT, Murphy SP, Henderson BE, Kolonel LN. Plasma levels of B vitamins and colorectal cancer risk: the multiethnic cohort study. 2009. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 18(8):2195-201.
  116. Lee IM, Cook NR, Manson JE, Buring JE, Hennekens CH. Beta-carotene supplementation and incidence of cancer and cardiovascular disease: the Women’s Health Study. 1999. J Natl Cancer Inst 91(24):2102-6.
  117. Lee, J. H., Shin, M. S., Kim, E. J., Ahn, Y. B., & Kim, H. D. (2017). The association of dietary vitamin C intake with periodontitis among Korean adults: Results from KNHANES Ⅳ. PloS one, 12(5), e0177074.
  118. Leitzmann MF, Stampfer MJ, Wu K, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Giovannucci EL. Zinc supplement use and risk of prostate cancer. 2003. J Natl Cancer Inst 95(13)1004-7.
  119. Li JY, Taylor PR, Li B, Dawsey S, Wang GQ, Ershow AG, Guo W, Liu SF, Yang CS, Shen Q, et al. Nutrition intervention trials in Linxian, China: multiple vitamin/mineral supplementation, cancer incidence, and disease-specific mortality among adults with esophageal dysplasia. 1993. J Natl Cancer Inst 85(18):1492-8.
  120. Lin J, Cook NR, Albert C, Zaharris E, Gaziano JM, Denburgh MV, Burin JE, Manson JE. Vitamins C and E and Beta Carotene Supplementation and Cancer Risk: A Randomized Controlled Trial. 2008. J Natl Cancer Inst 101(1):14-23.
  121. Lin J, Zhang SM, Cook NR, Manson JE, Lee IM, Buring JE. Intakes of calcium and vitamin D and risk of colorectal cancer in women. 2005. Am J Epidemiol 161(8):755-64.
  122. Lippman SM, Klein EA, Goodman PJ, Lucia MS, Thompson IM, Ford LG, Parnes HL, Minasian LM, Gaziano JM, Hartline JA, Parsons JK, Bearden JD 3rd, Crawford ED, Goodman GE, Claudio J, Winquist E, Cook ED, Karp DD, Walther P, Lieber MM, Kristal AR, Darke AK, Arnold KB, Ganz PA, Santella RM, Albanes D, Taylor PR, Probstfield JL, Jagpal TJ, Crowley JJ, Meyskens FL Jr, Baker LH, Coltman CA Jr. Effect of selenium and vitamin E on risk of prostate cancer and other cancers: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). 2009. JAMA 301(1):39-51.
  123. Llewellyn DJ, Lang IA, Langa KM, Muniz-Terrera G, Phillips CL, Cherubini A, Ferrucci L, Melzer D. Vitamin D and risk of cognitive decline in elderly persons. 2010. Arch Intern Med 170(13):1135-41.
  124. Luchsinger JA, Tang MX, Shea S, Mayeux R. Antioxidant vitamin intake and risk of Alzheimer disease. 2003. Arch Neurol 60(2):203-8.
  125. Maalmi H. et al., Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and survival in colorectal and breast cancer patients: Systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Eur J Cancer (2014).
  126. Malouf M, Grimley EJ, Areosa SA. Folic acid with or without vitamin B12 for cognition and dementia. 2003. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (4):CD004514.
  127. Mark SD, Qiao YL, Dawsey SM, Wu YP, Katki H, Gunter EW, Fraumeni JF Jr, Blot WJ, Dong ZW, Taylor PR. Prospective study of serum selenium levels and incident esophageal and gastric cancers. 2000. J Natl Cancer Inst 92(21):1753-63.
  128. Martinez ME, Giovannucci EL, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Hunter DJ, Speizer FE, Wing A, Willett WC. Calcium, vitamin D, and the occurrence of colorectal cancer among women. 1996. J Natl Cancer Inst 88(19):1375-82.
  129. Masaki KH, Losonczy KG, Izmirlian G, Foley DJ, Ross GW, Petrovitch H, Havlik R, White LR. Association of vitamin E and C supplement use with cognitive function and dementia in elderly men. 2000. Neurology 54(6):1265-72.
  130. McCullough ML, Bandera EV, Moore DF, Kushi LH. Vitamin D and calcium intake in relation to risk of endometrial cancer: a systematic review of the literature. 2008. Prev Med 46(4):298-302.
  131. McCullough ML, Robertson AS, Rodriguez C, Jacobs EJ, Chao A, Carolyn J, Calle EE, Willett WC, Thun MJ. Calcium, vitamin D, dairy products, and risk of colorectal cancer in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort (United States). 2003. Cancer Causes Control 14(1):1-12.
  132. Mendelsohn AB, Belle SH, Stoehr GP, Ganguli M. Use of antioxidant supplements and its association with cognitive function in a rural elderly cohort: the MoVIES Project. 1998. Am J Epidemiol 148(1):38-44.
  133. Meyer F, Bairati I, Fortin A, Gélinas M, Nabid A, Brochet F, Têtu B. Interaction between antioxidant vitamin supplementation and cigarette smoking during radiation therapy in relation to long-term effects on recurrence and mortality: a randomized trial among head and neck cancer patients. 2008. Int J Cancer 122(7):1679-83.
  134. Meyer F, Galan P, Douvillel P, Bairati I, Kegle P, Bertrais S, Estaquio C, Hercberg S. Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplementation and prostate cancer prevention in the SU.VI.MAX trial. 2005. Int J Cancer 116(2):182-6.
  135. Michaud DS, Spiegelman D, Clinton SK, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Giovannucci E. Prospective study of dietary supplements, macronutrients, micronutrients, and risk of bladder cancer in US men. 2000. Am J Epidemiol 152:1145-53.
  136. Mithal A et al. Impact of nutrition on muscle mass, strength, and performance in older adults. Osteoporosis Int. 2012 Dec 18.
  137. Moan J, Porojnicu AC, Dahlback A, Setlow RB. Addressing the health benefits and risks, involving vitamin D or skin cancer, of increased sun exposure. 2008. PNAS 105(2):668-73.
  138. Mohr SB, Garland CF, Gorham ED, Grant WB, Garland FC. Could ultraviolet B irradiance and vitamin D be associated with lower incidence rates of lung cancer?. 2008. J Epidemiol Community Health 62:69-74.
  139. Mohr SB. A brief history of vitamin D and cancer prevention. 2009. Ann Epidemiol 19(2):79-83.
  140. Momen‐Heravi, M., Barahimi, E., Razzaghi, R., Bahmani, F., Gilasi, H. R., & Asemi, Z. (2017). The effects of zinc supplementation on wound healing and metabolic status in patients with diabetic foot ulcer: A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. Wound Repair and Regeneration, 25(3), 512-520.
  141. Mondul AM, Weinstein SJ, Männistö S, Synder K, Horst RL, Virtamo J, Albanes D. Serum Vitamin D and Risk of Bladder Cancer. 2010. Cancer Res; ePub ahead of print. Retrieved online 8 November 2010.  doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-0985.
  142. Moorman PG, Ricciuti MF, Millikan RC, Newman B. Vitamin supplement use and breast cancer in a North Carolina population. 2001. Public Health Nutr 4(3):821-7.
  143. Morris MC, Beckett LA, Scherr PA, Hebert LE, Bennett DA, Field TS, Evans DA. Vitamin E and vitamin C supplement use and risk of incident Alzheimer disease. 1998. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 12(3):121-6.
  144. Morris MC, Evans DA, Bienias JL, Tangney CC, Wilson RS. Vitamin E and cognitive decline in older persons. 2002. Arch Neurol 59(7):1125-32.
  145. Moyad MA. Selenium and vitamin E supplements for prostate cancer: evidence or embellishment?. 2002. Urology 59(4 Suppl 1):9-19.
  146. Muller DP. Vitamin E and neurological function. 2010. Mol Nutr Food Res 54(5):710-8.
  147. Multivitamins in the Prevention of Cancer in Men: The Physicians’ Health Study II Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA. 2012;308(18).
  148. Munger KL, Zhang SM, O’Reilly E, Hernan MA, Olek MJ, Willett WC, Ascherio A. Vitamin D intake and incidence of multiple sclerosis. 2004. Neurology 62(1):60-5.
  149. Murakami K, Miyake Y, Sasaki S, Tanaka K, Fukushima W, Kiyohara C, Tsuboi Y, Yamada T, Oeda T, Miki T, Kawamura N, Sakae N, Fukuyama H, Hirota Y, Nagai M; Fukuoka Kinki Parkinson’s Disease Study Group. Dietary intake of folate, vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and riboflavin and risk of Parkinson’s disease: a case-control study in Japan. 2010. Br J Nutr 104(5):757-64.
  150. Nemets B, Stahl Z, Belmaker RH. Addition of omega-3 fatty acid to maintenance medication treatment for recurrent unipolar depressive disorder. 2002. Am J Psychiatry 159(3):477-9.
  151. Neuhouser ML, Sorensen B, Hollis BW, Ambs A, Ulrich CM, McTiernan A, Bernstein L, Wayne S, Gilliland F, Baumgartner K, Baumgartner R, Ballard-Barbash R. Vitamin D insufficiency in a multiethnic cohort of breast cancer survivors. 2008. Am J Clin Nutr 88(1):133-9.
  152. Ng K, Wolpin BM, Meyerhardt JA, Wu K, Chan AT, Hollis BW, Giovannucci EL, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Fuchs CS. Prospective study of predictors of vitamin D status and survival in patients with colorectal cancer. 2009. Br J Cancer 101:916-23.
  153. Omenn GS, Goodman GE, Thornquist MD, Balmes J, Cullen MR, Glass A, Keogh JP, Meyskens FL, Valanis B, Williams JH, Barnhart S, Hammar S. Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. 1996. N Engl J Med 334(18):1150-5.
  154. Opara EC. Oxidative stress, micronutrients, diabetes mellitus and its complications. 2002. J R Soc Health 122(1):28-34.
  155. Patterson RE, White E, Kristal AR, Neuhouser ML, Potter JD. Vitamin supplements and cancer risk: the epidemiologic evidence. 1997. Cancer Causes Control 8(5):786-802.
  156. Pavelka K, Gatterova J, Olejarova M, Machacek S, Giacovelli G, Rovati LC. Glucosamine sulfate use and delay of progression of knee osteoarthritis: a 3-year, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. 2002. Arch Intern Med 162(18):2113-23.
  157. Peacock JM, Folsom AR, Knopman DS, Mosley TH, Goff DC Jr, Szklo M. Dietary antioxidant intake and cognitive performance in middle-aged adults. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study investigators. 2000. Public Health Nutr 3(3):337-43.
  158. Pearson PJ, Lewis SA, Britton J, Fogarty A. Vitamin E supplements in asthma: a parallel group randomized placebo controlled trial. 2005. Thorax 59(8):652-6.
  159. Peters U, Chatterjee N, McGlynn KA, Schoen RE Church TR, Bresalier RS, Gaudet MM, Flood A, Schatzkin A, Hayes RB. Calcium intake and colorectal adenoma in a US colorectal cancer early detection program. 2004. Am J Clin Nutr 80(5):1358-65.
  160. Peters U, Littman AJ, Kristal AR, Patterson RE, Potter JD, White E. Vitamin E and selenium supplementation and risk of prostate cancer in the Vitamins and lifestyle (VITAL) study cohort. 2008. Cancer Causes and Control 19(1):75-87.
  161. Petersen RC, Thomas RG, Grundman M, Bennett D, Doody R, Ferris S, Galallsko D, Jin S, Kaye J, Levey A, Pfeiffer E, Sano M, van Dyck CH, Thal LJ, for the Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study Group. Vitamin E and Donepezil for the treatment of mild cognitive impairment. 2005. N Engl J Med 352:2379-88.
  162. Pfeifer M, Begerow B, Minne HW, Abrams C, Nachtigall D, Hansen C. Effects of a short-term vitamin D and calcium supplementation on body sway and secondary hyperparathyroidism in elderly women. 2000. J Bone Miner Res 15(6):1113-8.
  163. Phillipson T, et al. Impact of Oral Nutritional Supplementation on Hospital Outcomes. Am J Manag Care. 2013;19(2):121-128.
  164. Poole EM et al. Postdiagnosis supplement use and breast cancer prognosis in the After Breast Cancer Pooling Project. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2013 May 10.
  165. Pryor WA, Stahl W, Rock CL. Beta carotene: from biochemistry to clinical trials. 2000. Nutr Rev 58(2 Pt 1):39-53.
  166. Pufulete M, Al-Ghnaniem R, Khushal A, Appleby P, Harris N, Gout S, Emery PW, Sanders TA. Effect of folic acid supplementation on genomic DNA methylation in patients with colorectal adenoma. 2005. Gut 54(5):648-53.
  167. Qiao YL, Dawsey SM, Kamangar F, Fan JH, Abnet CC, Sun XD, Johnson LL, Gail MH, Dong ZW, Yu B, Mark SD, Taylor PR. Total and Cancer Mortality after Supplementation with Vitamins and Minerals: Follow-up of the Linxian General Population Nutrition Intervention Trial. 2009. J Natl Cancer Inst 101(7):507-18.
  168. Rajiv Chowdhury et al.  Vitamin D and risk of cause specific death: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational cohort and randomised intervention studies. BMJ 2014;348:g1903.
  169. Rodriguez C, Jacobs EJ, Mondul AM, Calle EE, McCullough ML, Thur MJ. Vitamin E supplements and risk of prostate cancer in U.S. men. 2004. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 13(3):378-82.
  170. Rodriguez C, McCullough ML, Mondul AM, Jacobs EJ, Fakhrabadi-Shokoohi d, Giovannucci EL, Thun MJ, Calle EE. Calcium, dairy products, and risk of prostate cancer in a prospective cohort of United States men. 2003. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 12(7):597-603.
  171. Romieu I, Meneses F, Ramirez M, Ruiz S, Padilla RP, Sienra JJ, Gerber M, Grievink L, Dekker R, Walda I, Brunekreef B. Antioxidant supplementation and respiratory functions among workers exposed to high levels of ozone. 1998. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 158:226-232.
  172. Romieu I, Sienra-Monge JJ, Ramirez-Aguilar M, Tellez-Rojo MM, Moreno-Macias H, Reyes-Ruiz NI, del Rio-Navarro BE, Ruiz-Navarro MX, Hatch G, Slade R, Hernandez-Avila M. Antioxidant supplementation and lung functions among children with asthma exposed to high levels of air pollutants. 2002. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 166(5):703-9.
  173. Sally N Adebamowo, Donna Spiegelman, Walter C Willett, and  Kathryn M Rexrode.  Association between intakes of magnesium, potassium, and calcium and risk of stroke: 2 cohorts of US women and updated meta-analyses. Am J Clin Nutr June 2015 vol. 101 no. 6 1269-1277.
  174. Sano M, Ernesto C, Thomas RG, Klauber MR, Schafer K, Grundman M, Woodbury P, Growdon J, Cotman CW, Pfeiffer E, Schneider LS, Thal LJ. A controlled trial of selegiline, alpha-tocopherol, or both as treatment for Alzheimer’s disease. 1997. N Engl J Med 336(17):1216-22.
  175. Schatzkin A, Lanza E, Corle D, Lance P, Iber F, Caan B, Shike M, Weissfeld J, Burt R, Cooper MR, Kikendall JW, Cahill J, Polyp Prevention Trial Study Group. Lack of effect of a low-fat, high-fiber diet on the recurrence of colorectal adenomas. 2000. N Engl J Med 342(16):1149-55.
  176. Schlebusch L, Bosch BA, Polglase G, Kleinschmidt I, Pillay BJ, Cassimjee MH. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, double-centre study of the effects of an oral multivitamin-mineral combination on stress. 2000. S Afr Med J 90(12):1216-23.
  177. Schmidt MC, Askew EW, Roberts DE, Prior RL, Ensign WY Jr, Hesslink RE Jr. Oxidative stress in humans training in a cold, moderate altitude environment and their response to a phytochemical antioxidant supplement. 2002. Wilderness Environ Med 13(2):94-105.
  178. Schoenen J, Jacquy J, Lenaerts M. Effectiveness of high-dose riboflavin in migraine prophylaxis. A randomized controlled trial. 1998. Neurology 50(2):466-70.
  179. Schroder FH, Roobol MJ, Boeve ER, de Mutsert R, Zuijdgeest-van Leeuwen SD, Kersten I, Wildhagen M, van Helvoort A. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study in men with prostate cancer and rising PSA: effectiveness of a dietary supplement. 2005. Eur Urol 48(6):922-30.
  180. Sharp L, Little J, Brockton NT, Cotton SC, Masson LF, Haites NE, Cassidy J. Polymorphisms in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene, intakes of folate and related B vitamins and colorectal cancer: a case–control study in a population with relatively low folate intake. 2008. Br J Nutr 99:379-89.
  181. Shen J, Lai CQ, Mattei J, Ordovas JM, Tucker KL. Association of vitamin B-6 status with inflammation, oxidative stress, and chronic inflammatory conditions: the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study. 2010. Am J Clin Nutr 91(2):337-42.
  182. Shklar G, Oh SK. Experimental basis for cancer prevention by vitamin E. 2000. Cancer Invest 18(3):214-22.
  183. Shults CW, Oakes D, Kiebertz K, Beal MF, Haas R, Plumb S, Juncos JL, Nutt J, Shoulson I, Carter J, Kompoliti K, Perlmutter JS, Reich S, Stern M, Watts RL, Kurlan R, Molho E, Harrison M, Lew M, Parkinson Study Group. Effects of coenzyme Q10 in early Parkinson disease: evidence of slowing of the functional decline. 2002. Arch Neurol 59(10):1541-50.
  184. Skarupski KA, Tangney C, Li H, Ouyang B, Evans DA, Morris MC. Longitudinal association of vitamin B6, folate, and vitamin B12 with depressive symptoms among older adults over time. 2010. AJCN 92(2):330-5.
  185. Solomon PR, Adams F, Silver A, Zimmer J, DeVeaux R. Ginkgo for memory enhancement: a randomized controlled trial. 2002. JAMA 288(7):835-40.
  186. Song Y, Chung CS, Bruno RS, Traber MG, Brown KH, King JC, Ho E. 2009. Dietary zinc restriction and repletion affects DNA integrity in healthy men. AJCN 90(2):321-8.
  187. Stoll AL, Locke CA, Marangell LB, Severus WE. Omega-3 fatty acids and bipolar disorder: a review. 1999. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 60(5-6):329-37.
  188. Stoll AL, Severus WE, Freeman MP, Rueter S, Zboyan HA, Diamond E, Cress KK, Marangell LB. Omega 3 fatty acids in bipolar disorder: a preliminary double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. 1999. Arch Gen Psychiatry 56(5):407-12.
  189. Stolzenberg-Solomon RZ, Hayes RB, Horst RL, Anderson KE, Hollis BW, Silverman DT. Serum Vitamin D and Risk of Pancreatic Cancer in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Screening Trial. 2009. Cancer Res 69:1439.
  190. Studer M, Briel M, Leimenstoll B, Glass TR, Bucher HC. Effect of different antilipidemic agents and diets on mortality: a systematic review. 2005. Arch Intern Med 165(7):725-30.
  191. Subakir SB, Setiadi E, Affandi B, Pringgoutomo S, Freisleben HJ. Benefits of vitamin E supplementation to Norplant users—in vitro and in vivo studies. 2000. Toxicology 148(2-3):173-8.
  192. Sugita, M., Kapoor, M. P., Nishimura, A., & Okubo, T. (2016). Influence of green tea catechins on oxidative stress metabolites at rest and during exercise in healthy humans. Nutrition, 32(3), 321-331.
  193. Taylor PR, Wang GQ, Dawsey SM, Guo W, Mark SD, Li JY, Blot WJ, Li B. Effect of nutrition intervention on intermediate endpoints in esophageal and gastric carcinogenesis. 1995. Am J Clin Nutr 62(6 Suppl):1420S-3S.
  194. Terry P, Baron JA, Bergkvist L, Holmberg L, Wolk A. Dietary calcium and vitamin D intake and risk of colorectal cancer: a prospective cohort study in women. 2002. Nutr Cancer 43(1):39-46.
  195. Toscano, M., De Grandi, R., Stronati, L., De Vecchi, E., & Drago, L. (2017). Effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 and Bifidobacterium longum BB536 on the healthy gut microbiota composition at phyla and species level: A preliminary study. World journal of gastroenterology, 23(15), 2696.
  196. The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group. The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. 1994. N Engl J Med 330(15):1029-35
  197. Thompson JR, Fitz Gerald P, Willoughby MLN, Armstrong BK. Maternal folate supplementation in pregnancy and protection against acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in childhood: a case-control study. 2001. Lancet 358:1935-40.
  198. Thys-Jacobs S, Starkey P, Bernstein D, Tian J, The Premenstrual Syndrome Study Group. Calcium carbonate and the premenstrual syndrome: effects on premenstrual and menstrual symptoms. 1998. Am J Obstet Gynecol 179(2):444-52.
  199. Travis RC, Crowe FL, Allen NE, Appleby PN, Roddam AW, Tjønneland A, Olsen A, Linseisen J, Kaaks R, Boeing H, Kröger J, Trichopoulou A, Dilis V, Trichopoulos D, Vineis P, Palli D, Tumino R, Sieri S, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, van Duijnhoven FJ, Chirlaque MD, Barricarte A, Larrañaga N, González CA, Argüelles MV, Sánchez MJ, Stattin P, Hallmans G, Khaw KT, Bingham S, Rinaldi S, Slimani N, Jenab M, Riboli E, Key TJ. Serum vitamin D and risk of prostate cancer in a case-control analysis nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). 2009. Am J Epidemiol 169(10):1223-32.
  200. Tsavachidou D, McDonnell TJ, Wen S, Wang X, Vakar-Lopez F, Pisters LL, Pettaway CA, Wood CG, Do KA, Thall PF, Stephens C, Efstathiou E, Taylor R, Menter DG, Troncoso P, Lippman SM, Logothetis CJ, Kim J. Selenium and vitamin E: cell type- and intervention-specific tissue effects in prostate cancer. 2009. J Natl Cancer Inst 101(5):306-20.
  201. Tuija Jääskeläinen et al.. Higher serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are related to a reduced risk of depression. British Journal of Nutrition, available on CJO2015.
  202. Tutuncu NB, Bayraktar M, Varli K. Reversal of defective nerve conduction with vitamin E supplementation in type 2 diabetes: a preliminary study. 1998. Diabetes Care 21(11):1915-8.
  203. S. Preventive Services Task Force. Routine vitamin supplementation to prevent cancer and cardiovascular disease: recommendations and rationale. 2003. Ann Intern Med 139:51-5.
  204. Velicer CM, Ulrich CM. Vitamin and Mineral Supplement Use Among US Adults After Cancer Diagnosis: A Systematic Review. 2008. J Clin Oncology 26(4):665-73.
  205. Villeponteau B, Cockrell R, Feng J. Nutraceutical interventions may delay aging and the age-related diseases. 2000. Exp Gerontol 35(9-10):1405-17.
  206. Virtamo J, Pietinen P, Huttunen JK, Korhonen P, Malila N, Virtanen MJ, Albanes D, Taylor PR, Albert P; ATBC Study Group. Incidence of cancer and mortality following alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplementation: a postintervention follow-up. 2003. JAMA 290(4):476-85.
  207. Wactawski-Wende J, Kotchen JM, Anderson FL, Assaf AR, Brunner RL, O’Sullivan MJ, Margolis KL, Ockene JK, Phillips L, Pottern L, Prentice RL, Robbins J, Rohan TE, Sarto FE, Sharma S, Stefanick ML, Van Horn L, Wallace RB, Whitlock E, Bassford T, Beresford SA, Black HR, Bonds DE, Brzyski RG, Caan B, Chlebowski RT, Cochrane B, Garland C, Gass M, Hays J, Heiss G, Hendrix SL, Howard BV, Hsia J, Hubbell FA, Jackson RD, Johnson KC, Judd H, Kooperberg CL, Kuller LH, LaCroix AZ, Lane DS, Langer RD, Lasser NL, Lewis CE, Limacher MC, Manson JE; Women’s Health Initiative Investigators. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of colorectal cancer. 2006. N Engl J Med 354(7):684-96.
  208. Ward KA, Das G, Berry JL, Roberts SA, Rawer R, Adams JE, Mughal Z. Vitamin D status and muscle function in post-menarchal adolescent girls. 2009. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94(2):559-63.
  209. Wei EK, Giovannucci E, Selhub J, Fuchs CS, Hankinson SE, Ma J. Plasma vitamin B6 and the risk of colorectal cancer and adenoma in women. 2005. J Natl Cancer Inst 97(9):684-92.
  210. Werbach MR. Nutritional strategies for treating chronic fatigue syndrome. 2000. Altern Med Rev 5(2):93-108.
  211. Wong WY, Merkus HM, Thomas CM, Menkveld R, Zielhuis GA, Steegers-Theunissen RP. Effects of folic acid and zinc sulfate on male factor subfertility: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. 2002. Fertil Steril 77(3):491-8.
  212. Wu K, Willett WC, Chan JM, Fuchs CS, Colditz GA, Rimm EB, Giovannucci EL. A prospective study on supplemental vitamin E intake and risk of colon cancer in women and men. 2002. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 11(11):1298-304.
  213. Xu Q, Parks CG, DeRoo LA, Cawthon RM, Sandler DP, Chen H. Multivitamin use and telomere length in women. 2009. Am J Clin Nutr 89:1857–63.
  214. Zandi PP, Anthony JC, Khachaturian AS, Stone SV, Gustafson D, Tschanz JT, Norton MC, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Breitner JC, Cache County Study Group. Reduced risk of Alzheimer disease in users of antioxidant vitamin supplements: the Cache County Study. 2004. Arch Neurol 61(1):82-8.
  215. Zhang SM, Cook NR, Albert CM, Gaziano JM, Buring JE, Manson JE. Effect of combined folic acid, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 on cancer risk in women: a randomized trial. 2008. JAMA 300(17):2012-21.
  216. Zhang SM, Giovannucci EL, Hunter DJ, Rimm EB, Ascherio A, Colditz GA, Speizer FE, Willett WC. Vitamin supplement use and the risk of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma among women and men. 2001. Am J Epidemiol 153(11):1056-63.
  217. Zhang SM, Hernan MA, Chen H, Spiegelman D, Willett WC, Ascherio A. Intakes of vitamins E and C, carotenoids, vitamin supplements, and PD risk. 2002. Neurology 59(8):1161-9.
  218. Zhang SM, Hernan MA, Olek MJ, Spiegelman D, Willett WC, Ascherio A. Intakes of carotenoids, vitamin C, and vitamin E and MS risk among two large cohorts of women. 2001. Neurology 57(1):75-80.
  219. Zhang SM, Moore SC, Lin J, Cook NR, Manson JE, Lee IM, Buring JE. Folate, vitamin B6, multivitamin supplements, and colorectal cancer risk in women. 2006. Am J Epidemiol 163(2):108-15.
  220. Zheng W, Anderson KE, Kushi LH, Sellers TA, Greenstein J, Hong CP, Cerhan JR, Bostick RM, Folsom AR. A prospective cohort study of intake of calcium, vitamin D, and other micronutrients in relation to incidence of rectal cancer among postmenopausal women. 1998. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 7(3):221-5.
  221. Zhu, X., Wu, C., Qiu, S., Yuan, X., & Li, L. (2017). Effects of resveratrol on glucose control and insulin sensitivity in subjects with type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrition & metabolism, 14(1), 60.

 

维生素 B9（叶酸）和 B12（钴胺素）是对健康至关重要的水溶性维生素。由于这些维生素在生命的各个阶段（从胚胎到成年）都扮演着重要角色，许多食物强化了这些维生素且維生素補充品，維生素補充品也含有這些維生素來幫助使用者免於營養素缺乏。

在过去的十年中，甲基化的维生素 B9 和 B12 替代了已被研究和使用数十年的传统形式维生素，成为广受欢迎的营养补充品。这些维生素皆能以不同形式提供健康益处。继续阅读了解详情。

维生素 B9（叶酸）

叶酸能够调节细胞代谢和细胞分裂。加上其在 DNA 和 RNA 的作用，叶酸支持健康的组织成长和红血球及免疫细胞的再生。叶酸对胎儿发育极为重要，因此孕妇和计划怀孕的女性需要摄取足够的叶酸。

从健康饮食中摄取充足的营养是最好的方式，没有任何营养补充品能取代健康、营养的饮食所提供的整体健康益处。含有叶酸的食物通常非常营养，但叶酸本身不见得具最高的生物利用度。因此，食物中叶酸的平均摄取量通常远低于建议水平。

低水平的叶酸在育龄妇女中尤其令人担忧。这是为什么在许多国家在食品中添加叶酸，且叶酸补充变得如此普遍。

叶酸是强化剂和补充品中最常用的形式，因为它通常比食用叶酸具有更高的生物利用度、更稳定且复杂性更低。甲基叶酸的出现很大程度上归功于人类遗传学的发展，以及影响这种维生素代谢能力的特定基因（MTHFR）的发现。

MTHFR 多态性

亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶（MTHFR）基因组成一种酶，能够将叶酸转化成能够被人类身体使用的形式，也负责将同半胱胺酸转化为甲硫胺酸。 MTHFR 基因的其中一种变体（MTHFR C677T）会导致叶酸代谢能力降低。

您的 DNA 包含两个 MTHFR 复制基因，分别来自您的父母。您有可能得到一个或两个复制的 MTHFR C677T 基因变体。MTHFR 基因的单一突变十分常见，在医学上也无须担心，因为仍有一个基因能够正常运作。

您可能听说过更令人担忧的问题是 C677T 变体存在于人体中两个复制的 MTHFR 基因（同型 MTHFR C677T 变异体）。即便对于同型 MTHFR C677T 变异体，研究表示足够剂量的正常叶酸也可以安全使用且能够发挥作用 (Moll S)。

叶酸对于 MTHFR “突变”患者无效、会阻挡甲基化、无法被吸收或对人体不安全等说词皆为夸大其词且不完全正确。此变体仅是降低了转化效率。

谈及叶酸（如叶酸、甲基叶酸或任何其它形式）时，血液中的叶酸水平十分重要。换句话说，无论形式或生物利用度、剂量等方面的差异为何，目标都是提供充足的血液叶酸水平。身体存在 MTHFR C677T 变体之人也可以透过持续摄取足够的叶酸来使血清叶酸水平正常化。事实上，叶酸是被研究最多的叶酸类型，已被证明可以预防神经管缺陷（Crider, Crider, Wilcken, Tsang, Seyoum）。

另一方面，过量的叶酸或未代谢叶酸（UMFA）也并非有益无害。您不应无上限地摄取叶酸来弥补降低的吸收力。幸运的是，身体的复原能力很强，研究显示身体有些机制可以适应较高的叶酸摄取量以限制接触未代谢的叶酸 (Tam)。

无论 MTHFR 变异体如何，600－1,000 微克范围内的叶酸即可安全食用，且通常会将血液叶酸提高到足够的水平。

维生素 B12（Cobalamin）

维生素 B12 是一种极为复杂的分子。人类依赖肠胃中的细菌来制造体内的大部分维生素 B12。维生素 B12 的另一个来源是动物产品，动物也从肠道细菌中获得该维生素。

任何人都可能有较低的维生素 B12 水平，但素食者和纯素食者特别容易缺乏维生素 B12，因为他们不吃肉制品（维生素 B12 的主要来源）。维生素 B12 水平较低之人可能需要寻求营养补充品的协助。

维生素 B12 是唯一无法完全合成的维生素。维生素 B12 透过称为生物合成的复杂过程产生(我们则是依赖微生物来制造或“合成”维生素）。它的制造方式与肠道中制造细菌方式基本上相同。

最常见的生物合成使用一种称为牙假单胞菌的细菌，并进行二十多个独立的化学反应。几乎所有市售维生素 B12 都是透过此方式制造和获得。不同形式的维生素 B12 如氰钴胺素和甲基钴胺素将以相同的方式进行生物合成，在甲基和氰化物基团之间的末端进行单一取代反应。

氰钴胺是维生素 B12 最常见的补充形式，因为它比甲钴胺等形式的稳定性更高。

研究显示氰钴胺在体内可以很容易地转化为活性维生素 B12。当比较氰钴胺和甲钴胺时，补充品的整体剂量和摄取频率比确保维持足够的血液水平更加重要（Zugravu）。

甲基叶酸和甲钴胺同为甲基供体

您无需摄取甲钴胺或甲基叶酸来支持正常的甲基化。您能够在均衡的饮食中摄取足够的甲钴胺或甲基叶酸。正常的胆碱摄取量提供的甲基比叶酸的正常摄取量多约 1,000 倍。除了胆碱之外，其它 B 群维生素和氨基酸（如蛋氨酸）提供的甲基比单纯摄取甲基化叶酸和 B12 多上数千倍。

Crider KS, Devine O, Hao L, et al. Population red blood cell folate concentrations for prevention of neural tube defects: Bayesian model. BMJ. 2014;349:g4554.

Crider KS, Yang TP, Berry RJ, Bailey LB. Folate and DNA methylation: A review of molecular mechanisms and the evidence for folate’s role. Adv Nutr. 2012;3(1):21-38.

Moll S, Varga EA. Homocysteine and MTHFR Mutations. Circulation. 2015;132(1):e6-9.

Seyoum E, Selhub J. Properties of food folates determined by stability and susceptibility to intestinal pteroylpolyglutamate hydrolase action. J Nutr. 1998;128(11):1956-1960.

Tam C, O’Connor D, Koren G. Circulating unmetabolized folic Acid: relationship to folate status and effect of supplementation. Obstet Gynecol Int. 2012;2012:485179.

Tsang BL, Devine OJ, Cordero AM, et al. Assessing the association between the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) 677C>T polymorphism and blood folate concentrations: a systematic review and meta-analysis of trials and observational studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;101(6):1286-1294.

Wilcken B, Bamforth F, Li Z, et al. Geographical and ethnic variation of the 677C>T allele of 5,10 methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR): Findings from over 7000 newborns from 16 areas world wide. J Med Genet. 2003;40(8):619-625.

Zugravu CA, Macri A, Belc N, Bohiltea R. Efficacy of supplementation with methylcobalamin and cyancobalamin in maintaining the level of serum holotranscobalamin in a group of plant-based diet (vegan) adults. Exp Ther Med. 2021;22(3):993.

从25年前的最早期开始，科学一直是USANA的核心。本公司的研发（R&D）团队一直以来都致力于开发以科学为基础的高质量产品来帮助维持长期健康。

USANA的研发团队成员包括人类营养、细胞生物学、生物化学、遗传学、微生物组等专家以及医生。除了产品研究外，USANA还拥有一群致力于产品制造与质检的科学家工作人员。

此外，公司也与多所大学及研究机构建立合作研究关系，其中包括华盛顿大学、德州加尔维斯顿的德州大学医学院、犹他大学、加州大学戴维斯分校健康食品研究所，以及北卡罗来纳大学彭布罗克分校。

欲了解USANA的最新研究、专利以及用于开发现有产品的先前的研究报告，请阅读以下内容。（研究报告仅提供英文版。）

一览USANA的最新研究成果

Advanced Doses of Vitamin D are Required to Achieve Optimal Vitamin D Status, Particularly During the Winter

A 28-day Lifestyle Intervention Program Incorporating a Meal Replacement Shake Improves Indices of Human Health

A Novel Assay for Determining Plasma Antioxidant Capacity

Bioavailability of Epicatechin after Consumption of Grape Seed Extract in Humans

Bioavailability of Silicon from Three Sources

Bioavailability of USANA Essentials vs Four Select Competitor Products

Brightening Skincare Clinical Trial

Calcium-Magnesium-Vitamin D Supplementation Improves Bone Mineralization in Preadolescent Girls

Celavive Clinical Trial

Comparative Absorption of Water Soluble Vitamins from Five Supplements

Comparative Bioavailability of Coenzyme Q10 in Four Formulations

Effects of Antioxidant Supplementation on Oxidative Stress in Trained Cyclists

Effects of Broad-Spectrum Antioxidant Supplementation on the Antioxidant Status of Human Plasma

Genetic and Epigenetic Signature Identifies Individuals with Elevated Response to Vitamin B12 Supplementation

Genetic Risk of Methylene Tetrahydrofolate Reductase Single Nucleotide Polymorphism on Blood Homocysteine is Dependent on Sex, Race, and Supplement Use

Glycemic Index (GI) Scores for USANA’s Chocolate, Vanilla, and Strawberry Nutrimeals

Glycemic Index (GI) Score for USANA’s Fibergy Bar and Chocolate Nutrimeal

Glycemic Index (GI) Score for USANA’s Peanut Butter Crunch Nutrition Bar

Grape Seed Extract Plus Vitamin C Improves Indices of Vascular Health

Hepasil DTX™ Increases Antioxidant and Detoxification Capacity by Boosting Glutathione and Vitamin C (1)

Hepasil DTX™ Increases Antioxidant and Detoxification Capacity by Boosting Glutathione and Vitamin C (2)

Method of Assessment of Antioxidant Status In Vivo

Pharmacokinetics of Poly C versus Ascorbic Acid

Resurfacing Serum Clinical Trial

Short-term CellSentials Supplementation Significantly Improves the Quality of Life Metrics of Essentials Users

Ubiquinone versus Ubiquinol Clinical Research Bulletin

USANA CellSentials® Supplementation Significantly Increases Circulating Serum Nutrient Levels

Vitamin D Supplementation is Required During the Winter to Obtain Optimal Vitamin D Status

Brown M, Cuomo J, Tian J, USANA Health Sciences, Inc. 2017. U.S Patent No 10,632,101 Salt Lake City, UT: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

McDonald JH, McDonald SC, Lundmark LD, Kabara JJ, Garruto JA, USANA Health Sciences, Inc. 2007. U.S. Patent No 7,214,391. Salt Lake City, UT: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

Cuomo J, Rabovsky AB, USANA Health Sciences, Inc. 2002. U.S. Patent No 6,361,803. Salt Lake City, UT: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

Cuomo J, Rabovsky AB, USANA Health Sciences, Inc. 2002. U.S. Patent No 6,358,542. Salt Lake City, UT: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

Bosse JD, Dixon BM. Dietary protein in weight management: a review proposing protein spread and change theories. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2012;9(1):81.

Bosse JD, Dixon BM. Dietary protein to maximize resistance training: a review and examination of protein spread and change theories. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2012;9(1):42.

Cuomo J, Appendino G, Dern AS, Schneider E, McKinnon TP, Brown MJ, Togni S, Dixon BM. Comparative absorption of a standardized curcuminoid mixture and its lecithin formulation. 2011. J Nat Prod 74(4):664-9.

Eich N, Schneider E, Cuomo J, Rabovsky A, Vita JA, Palmisano J, Holbrook M. Bioavailability of epicatechin after consumption of grape seed extract in humans. 2007. FASEB 21:lb289.

Enomoto, AC, Schneider, E, McKinnon, T, Goldfine, H, Levy, MA. Validation of a simplified procedure for convenient and rapid quantification of reduced and oxidized glutathione in human plasma by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Biomedical Chromatography. 2020; 34:e4854.

Gamache P, Rabovsky A, Cuomo J. Lipoic acid analysis in food supplements by HPLC with Coulometric Array Detector. 1999. Presentation, Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

Ivanov V, Rabovsky A. Extracellular Matrix Regulates Proliferation Rate of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells: Role of Hyaluronic acid. 1996. Abstract Presentation, Becton Dickinson Symposium on Extracellular Matrix, ECM Interactions, London, UK.

Jin H, Cheng H, Chen W, et al. An evidence-based approach to globally assess the covariate-dependent effect of the MTHFR single nucleotide polymorphism rs1801133 on blood homocysteine: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2018;107(5):817-825.

Jin H, Maddela Rolando L, Sinnott Robert A. The Effects of a Multivitamin, Multimineral, and Multiantioxidant Supplement on Cardio-Metabolic Risk Biomarkers: A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences. 2020;8(5)127-138.

Jin H, Nicodemus-Johnson J. Gender and Age Stratified Analyses of Nutrient and Dietary Pattern Associations with Circulating Lipid Levels Identify Novel Gender and Age-Specific Correlations. 2018. Nutrients 10(11), 1760.

Levy M A, McKinnon T, Barker T, Dern A, Helland T, Robertson J, Cuomo J, Wood T, Dixon B M. Predictors of vitamin D status in subjects that consume a vitamin D supplement. 2014. Eur J Clin Nutr.

Levy M A, McKinnon T, Goldfine H, Enomoto A, Schneider E, Cuomo J. Consumption of a multivitamin/multimineral supplement for 4 weeks improves nutritional status and markers of cardiovascular health. 2019. Journal of Functional Foods.

Levy M, Wu JR, Shi JP, et al. Proof-of-Concept and Feasibility Study to Evaluate the Effect of β-Glucan on Protective Qi Deficiency in Adults. Chin J Integr Med. 2021;27(9):666-673.

Mazumder P, Chuang HY, Wentz MW, Wiedbrauk DL. Latex agglutination test for detection of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii. 1988. J Clin Microbiol 26(11):2444-6.

McDonald J, Preobrazhensky S, Malugin A, Rabovsky A, Wood T, Wentz M. Effect of Vitamin E Supplementation on susceptibility to oxidation of isolated low density lipoprotein and apolipoprotein B-100 in unfractionated blood. 1997. Abstract Presentation, XI International Symposium on Atherosclerosis, Paris, France.

Nicodemus-Johnson J, Sinnott RA. Fruit and Juice Epigenetic Signatures Are Associated with Independent Immunoregulatory Pathways. Nutrients. 2017; 9(7):752.

Preobrazhensky S, Malugin A, Wentz M. Flow cytometric assay for evaluation of the effects of cell density on cytotoxicity and induction of apoptosis. 2001. Cytometry 43(3):199-203.

Preobrazhensky S, Rabovsky A, Goldmacher V, Wentz M. Comparative study of cytotoxic action of low density lipoprotein and cumene hydroperoxide on various lymphoid cell lines. 1997. XI International Symposium on Atherosclerosis, Paris, France.

Preobrazhensky S, Trakht I, Chestkov V, Wentz M. Monoclonal antibody-based immunoassay for evaluation of lipoprotein oxidation. 1995. Analytical Biochemistry 227(1):225-34.

Rabovsky A, Cuomo J. Olive oil: Direct measure of antioxidant activity. 1999. Free Rad Bio Med 27(Supp 1):S42.

Rabovsky A, Cuomo J, Eich N. Measurement of plasma antioxidant reserve after supplementation with various antioxidants in healthy subjects. 2006. Clinica Chimica Acta 371(1-2):55-60.

Rabovsky A, Cuomo J, Wentz M. Inhibition of fat absorption with grape seed antioxidants. 1998. Free Rad Bio Med 25(Supp 1):96.

Rabovsky A, Preobrazhensky S, Wentz M. In vitro antioxidant activity of flavonoids measured using different procedures. 1996. Abstract Presentation, 3rd Annual Meeting of the Oxygen Society, Miami Beach, Florida, USA.

Rabovsky A, Preobrazhensky S, Wentz M. Protection of cultured human cells from oxidative damage by alpha-tocopherol, ascorbic acid and flavonoids. 1996. Abstract Presentation, VIII Biennial Meeting International Society for Free Radical Research, Barcelona, Spain.

Rabovsky A, Preobrazhensky S, Wentz M. Synergistic action of Ascorbic Acid and Bioflavonoids in protecting Apolipoprotein B from oxidation. 1996. Abstract Presentation, VIII Biennial Meeting International Society for Free Radical Research, Barcelona, Spain.

Tian JJ, Levy M, Zhang X, Sinnott R, Maddela R. Counteracting health risks by Modulating Homeostatic Signaling.2022. Pharmacol Res. 2022;182:106281.

Ball SD, Keller KR, Moyer-Mileur LJ, Ding YW, Donaldson D, Jackson WD. Prolongation of satiety after low versus moderately high glycemic index meals in obese adolescents. 2003. Pediatrics 111:488-94.

Barker T, Leonard, SW, Trawick RH, Kjeldsberg CR, Martins TB, Hill HR, & Traber MG (2009). Modulation of Inflammation by Vitamin E and C Supplementation Prior to Anterior Cruciate Ligament Surgery. Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 46; 599-606

Barker T, Leonard SW, Trawick RH, Walker JA, & Traber MG (2009). Antioxidant supplementation lowers circulating IGF-1 but not F2-isoprostanes immediately following ACL surgery. Redox Report. 14; 221-226

Barker T, Leonard SW, Hansen J, Trawick RH, Ingram R, Burdett G, Lebold K, Walker JA, & Traber MG (2009). Vitamin E and C supplementation does not ameliorate muscle dysfunction following anterior cruciate ligament surgery. Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 47; 1611-1618

Barker T & Traber MG (2011). Does vitamin E and C supplementation improve the recovery from anterior cruciate ligament surgery? Journal of Evidenced-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine. 16; 114-128

Barker T, Martins TB, Hill HR, Kjeldsberg CR, Trawick RH, Leonard SW, Walker JA, & Traber MG (2011). Vitamins E and C supplementation modulate the association between reciprocally regulated cytokines after an anterior cruciate ligament injury and surgery. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 90(8); 638-647

Barker T, Martins TB, Hill HR, Kjeldsberg CR, Trawick RH, Weaver LK & Traber MG (2011). Low vitamin D impairs strength recovery after anterior cruciate ligament surgery. Journal of Evidenced-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine. 16(3); 201-209

Barker T, Martins TB, Kjeldsberg CR, Hill HR, Dixon BM, Schneider ED, Dern A, & Weaver LK (2012). Different doses of supplemental vitamin D mediate disparate interleukin-5 responses without altering skeletal muscle strength in humans: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Nutrition & Metabolism. 9(1). 16

Barker T, Martin TB, Kjeldsberg CR, Trawick RH, & Hill HR (2012). Circulating interferon-γ correlates with 1,25(OH)D and the 1,25(OH)D-to-25(OH)D ratio. Cytokine, 60; 23-26

Barker T, Martins TB, Hill HR, Kjeldsberg CR, Dixon BM, Schneider ED, Henriksen VT, & Weaver LK (2013). Circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines are elevated and peak power output correlates with 25-hydroxyvitamin D in vitamin D insufficient adults. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 113; 1523-34

Barker T, Henriksen VT, Martins TB, Hill HR, Kjeldsberg CR, Schneider ED, Dixon BM, & Weaver LK (2013). Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D predicts muscular weakness after intense exercise. Nutrients, 5; 1253-75

Barker T, Schneider ED, Dixon BM, Henriksen VT, & Weaver LK (2013). Supplemental vitamin D enhances the recovery in peak isometric force shortly after intense exercise: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in humans. Nutrition & Metabolism, 10; 1-10

Barker T, Martins TB, Hill HR, Kjeldsberg CR, Dixon BM, Schneider ED, Henriksen VT, & Weaver LK (2014). Vitamin D sufficiency associates with an increase in anti-inflammatory cytokines after intense exercise in humans. Cytokine, 65: 134-137

Barker T, Henriksen VT, Rogers VE, Aguirre D, Trawick RH, Rasmussen GL, & Momberger (2014). Vitamin D deficiency associates with γ-tocopherol and quadriceps weakness but not inflammatory cytokines in subjects with knee osteoarthritis. Redox Biology, 2: 466-474

Barker T, Rogers VE, Henriksen VT, Aguirre D, Trawick RH, Rasmussen GL, & Momberger NG (2014). Serum cytokines are increased and circulating micronutrients are not altered in subjects with early compared to advanced knee osteoarthritis. Cytokine, 68: 133-136

Barker T, Rogers VE, Henriksen VT, Dixon B, Momberger N, Rasmussen G, & Trawick R. Muscular-based and patient-reported outcomes differentially associate with circulating superoxide dismutases and cytokines in knee osteoarthritis. 2019. Cytokine, 115, 45-49.

Barker T, Rogers VE, Levy M, Templeton J, Goldfine H, Schneider ED, Dixon BM, Henriksen VT, & Weaver LK (2015). Supplemental vitamin D increases serum cytokines in those with initially low 25-hydroxyvitamin D: A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study. Cytokine, 71: 132-138.

Bemer B, Krueger SK, Orner GA. Sulindac pharmacokinetics. The role of flavin-containing monooxygenases. 2008. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Summer Internship Presentation, Oregon State University, September 26.

Best T, Clarke C, Nuzum N, Teo WP. Acute effects of combined Bacopa, American ginseng and whole coffee fruit on working memory and cerebral haemodynamic response of the prefrontal cortex: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Nutr Neurosci. 2019;:1-12.

Best T, Miller J, Teo WP. Neurocognitive effects a combined polyphenolic-rich herbal extract in healthy middle-aged adults – a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Nutritional Neuroscience. 2024;1-13.

Bloomer, R. , Pence, J. , Davis, A. and Stockton, M. Weight Loss and Improved Metabolic Health Measures Using a One-Week Active Nutrition Jumpstart Program in Overweight and Obese Men and Women. Health. 2023.;15, 640-653.

Dixon BM, Barker T, McKinnon T, Cuomo J, Frei B, Borregaard N, Gombart A. Positive correlation between circulating cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (hCAP18/LL-37) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in health adults. BMC Research Notes. 2012;5:575.

Edwards RL, Lyon T, Litwin Se, Rabovsky A, Symons JD, Jalili T. . 2007. J Nutr 137:2405-11.

Frei, B., Birlouez-Aragon, I., and Lykkesfeldt, J. (2012) Authors’ perspective: What is the optimum intake of vitamin C in humans? Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 52(9):815-29.

Greene DA, Naughton GA. Calcium and vitamin-D supplementation on bone structural properties in peripubertal female identical twins: a randomised controlled trial. 2010. Osteoporosis International, in review.

Henriksen VT, Rogers VE, Rasmussen GL, Trawick RH, Momberger NG, Aguirre D, & Barker T (2014). Pro-inflammatory cytokines mediate the decrease in serum 25(OH)D concentrations after total knee arthroplasty? Medical Hypotheses, 84: 134-137

Huang Y, Chen Y, Shaw AM, Goldfine H, Tian J, Cai J. Enhancing TFEB-Mediated Cellular Degradation Pathways by the mTORC1 Inhibitor Quercetin. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018;2018:5073420.

Johnson S, Hagen TM. Changes in Acute Human Plasma Glutathione Levels Following Lipoic Acid Supplementation. 2009. Howard Hughes Medical Institute Summer Internship presentation, Oregon State University, September 24, 2009, and Center for Health Aging Research Life Scholars presentation, Oregon State University, October 14, 2009.

Jubert C, Mata J, Bench G, Dashwood R, Pereira C, Tracewell W, Turteltaub K, Williams D, Baily G. Effects of chlorophyll and chlorophyllin on low-dose aflatoxin B1 pharmacokinetics in human volunteers. 2009. Cancer Prevention Research 2(12):1015-22.

Junrong W, Haojie c, Jianpin S, et al. Development and validation of a diagnostic risk score for assessing a TCM condition, Protective Qi Deficiency, in adults. Eu J Int Med. 2020;35(101097).

Kang JW, Tang X, Walton CJ, et al. Multi-Omic Analyses Reveal Bifidogenic Effect and Metabolomic Shifts in Healthy Human Cohort Supplemented With a Prebiotic Dietary Fiber Blend. Front Nutr. 2022;9:908534.

Kesinger NG, Langsdorf BL, Yokochi AF, Miranda CL, and Stevens JF. Formation of a vitamin C conjugate of acrolein and its paraoxonase-mediated conversion into 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroxy-4-oxooctanal. 2010. Chem Res Toxicol 23:836-44.

Lee MB, Kiflezghi MG, Tsuchiya M, et al. Pterocarpus marsupium extract extends replicative lifespan in budding yeast. Geroscience. 2021;43(5):2595-2609.

Levy MA, Tian J, Gandelman M, et al. A Multivitamin Mixture Protects against Oxidative Stress-Mediated Telomere Shortening. J Diet Suppl. 2024;21(1):53-70.

Leonard SW, Barker T, Mustacich DJ, Traber MG. Measurement of vitamin K homologues in biological fluids and tissues by APCI LC/MS. 2009. Diet and Optimum Health Conference, Portland, OR.

Leonard SW, Barker T, Mustacich DJ, Traber MG. Measurement of vitamin K homologues in biological fluids and tissues by APCI LC/MS. 2010. Experimental Biology, Anaheim, CA.

Leonard SW, Barker T, Taylor AW, Traber MG. APCI LC-MS quantitation of vitamin K in the plasma of anterior cruciate ligament surgery patients. 20XX. Analytical Biochemistry, in review.

Lotito SB, Zhang WJ, Yang CS, Crozier A, and Frei B. (2011) Metabolic conversion of dietary flavonoids alters their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Free Radic Biol Med 51:454-463.

Michels AJ, Dickinson BC, Chang CJ, Frei B. Generation of H2O2 by ascorbate auto-oxidation: possible implications for cancer therapy. 2010. Society for Free Radical Biology and Medicine Annual Meeting, Orlando, FL.

Moyer-Mileur LJ, Xie B, Ball SD, Pratt T. Bone mass and density response to a 12-month trial of calcium and vitamin D supplement in preadolescent girls. 2003. J Musculoskel Neuron Interact 3(1):63-70.

Peluso MR, Miranda CL, Hobbs DJ, Proteau RR, Stevens JF. Xanthohumol and related prenylated flavonoids inhibit inflammatory cytokine production in LPS-activated THP-1 monocytes: structure-activity relationships and in silicobinding to myeloid differentiation protein-2 (MD-2). 2010. Planta Med 76:1536-43.

Shao Q, Zhao Y, Shi Y, et al. Chemical characterization of Siraitia grosvenorii granules and their efficacy and mechanism of action on PM2.5-induced acute lung injury. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2025;290:117702.

Song Y, Chung CS, Bruno RS, Traber MG, Brown KH, King JC, Ho E. Dietary zinc restriction and repletion affects DNA integrity in healthy men. 2009. Am J Clin Nutr 90:321-8.

Song Y, Chung CS, Bruno RS, Traber MG, Brown KH, King JC, Ho E. Zinc status affects DNA damage and oxidative stress in healthy adult men. 2009. FASEB J 23:216.1. (Yang Song won the Young Investigator award with the American Society of Nutrition for this work.)

Song Y, Ho E. Effects of zinc deficiency on DNA damage, oxidative stress and oxidant defense in peripheral blood. 2008. FASEB J 22:A697.

Stockton M, Pence J, Davis A, Bloomer R. Impact of an Active Nutrition Program on Weight Loss and Metabolic Health in Overweight and Obese Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Cureus. 2024;16(10).

Traber MG, Barker T. Vitamins E and C in ACL (Anterior Cruciate Ligament) Injury. 2009. 3rd International Symposium; Nutrition, Oxygen Biology and Medicine. Paris, France.

Wolinsky LE, Cuomo J, Quesada K, Bato T, Camargo PM. A comparative pilot study of the effects of a dentifrice containing green tea bioflavonoids, sanguinarine or triclosan on oral bacterial biofilm formation. 2000. J Clin Dent 11(2):53-9.

Wu JR, Cheng HJ, Shi JP, et al. β -Glucan Improves Protective Qi Status in Adults with Protective Qi Deficiency-A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, and Double-Blinded Trial. Chin J Integr Med. 2021;10.

Wyatt HR, Ogden LG, Cassic KS, Hoagland EA, McKinnon T, Eich N, Chernyshev V, Wood T, Cuomo J, Hill JO. Successful internet-based lifestyle change program on body weight and markers of metabolic health. 2009. Obesity and Weight Management 5(4):167-73.

Guo X, Xu Y, He H, et al. Effects of a Meal Replacement on Body Composition and Metabolic Parameters among Subjects with Overweight or Obesity. J Obes. 2018;2018:2837367.

Guo X, Xu Y, He H, et al. Visceral fat reduction is positively associated with blood pressure reduction in overweight or obese males but not females: an observational study. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2019;16:44.

Yilmazer-Musa M, Griffith AM, Michels AJ, Schneider E, Frei B. (2012) Grape seed extracts and catechin 3-gallates are potent inhibitors of α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity. J Agric Food Chem. 2012 Jun 29.

Yilmazer-Musa M, Tucker AM, Frei B. Inhibition of a-amylase and a-glucosidase activity by bioflavonoids: implications for carbohydrate metabolism and type-2 diabetes mellitus. 2010. Society for Free Radical Biology and Medicine Annual Meeting, Orlando, FL.