我們強烈建議目前正在使用抗凝血藥物的人跟他們的醫生討論是否可以服用含維生素K的補充品。

阿司匹靈和保栓通（Plavix）這兩種藥物的作用機制與可邁丁不同，通常不影響維生素K的正常攝取。

USANA Health Sciences公司在世界許多國家都有營運，因此USANA必須符合每一個國家的製造和監管標準，才能在當地銷售產品；例如美國食品暨藥物管理局（FDA）和澳洲藥物管理局（TGA）。

FDA要求膳食補充品製造商遵循膳食補充品的優良製造規範（GMP）（美國聯邦法典第21篇111章）；然而USANA不僅符合這些標準，更自願遵循更嚴格的製藥級GMP（美國聯邦法典第21篇211章）作為其品質保證計劃的模式；此模式實際上規範了生產製造的每一方面，包括設施的設計和保養、原料的規格和控管、供應商驗證、產品設計、產品測試…等等。

以下是USANA符合或超過膳食補充品規定的幾種方式：

  • 在批准供應商供應所使用的成份之前，USANA的品質保證部門將先審查原料供應商的供貨品質。
  • 通過統計學上合理的抽樣計劃在內部對進廠的原料進行抽樣。這可確保測試結果能代表所收到的全部原料。
  • 擁有最先進的現場實驗室。實驗室人員全部是合格的科學家，他們確保每種原料和成品的特性、純度和效能，以及未受污染。
  • 保留大量的產品記錄和標準作業程序，以確保每批產品的質量。
  • 協調強健的穩定性計劃，確保產品在整個產品保存期限符合標籤上的標示。

自2018年以來，USANA位於猶他州鹽湖城的製造工廠已通過美國藥典（USP）認證，符合適用的GMP要求（美國聯邦法典第21篇111章和美國藥典一般通則第2750章中的規定）。並且，在適用的情況下，USANA測試其補充品以確保它們的均勻性和分解性符合USP的標準與規格。

作為澳洲的供應商，USANA定期接受TGA的檢查和審核，以確保符合其GMP標準。TGA要求製造商遵循類似於美國藥品GMP的GMP標準。

自2006年至今，USANA在猶他州鹽湖城的製造廠已通過認證，符合美國國家衛生基金會（NSF）的NSF/ANSI膳食補充品GMP要求。據NSF表示：「GMP註冊反映出對確保品質和滿意度的持續承諾，也讓企業確定他們依循既定的GMP而運作。」

此外，許多USANA補充品均已通過ConsumerLab.com的評估和認證，ConsumerLab.com是提供獨立測試結果和資訊的著名測試機構。

USANA也是美國天然產品聯盟（UNPA）的會員，這是由膳食補充品和機能性食品企業所組成的協會，共同承諾為消費者提供具有優異品質、效益、和可靠性的天然保健品。

USANA的使命是開發並提供最高品質、有科學根據的產品。由於不良的生產會毀掉偉大的科學，因此USANA是少數幾家在自己最先進的設施內生產大部份自家產品的企業之一。為了確保USANA在實驗室所開發的配方能夠一致性地生產，每次開始製造都會執行同樣的過程。通過嚴格測試每項產品的效能和純度，並遵循製藥級GMP，USANA已經在膳食補充品製造方面樹立了卓越的標準。

營養對人類健康的重要性是早就知道了。1960年以前，對這個領域的興趣主要集中在預防急性營養缺乏症，如壞血病、佝僂病、和糙皮病。已確定的必要營養素約50種（維生素、礦物質、抗氧化劑、輔因子、必要胺基酸和必要脂肪酸），也發展了對這些營養素的每日建議攝取量，這些建議已獲證實對於消除急性營養缺乏症方面是有價值的。

過去的幾十年當中，重點則已轉移到飲食和營養在長期健康方面的作用。營養在心臟、骨骼、關節、眼睛、神經系統、和免疫系統的長期健康中已顯示出其作用。

遺憾的是，這些關聯性很難加以研究，部分是因為所需的時間。要進行長達幾年的研究是非常困難的，而這些相互之間的作用有許多需要花數十年的時間研究。儘管如此，由於流行病學和臨床研究的進步，現已發表了大量關於飲食和營養攝取對長期健康的影響的資訊。

近年來，研究人員更加重視營養補充品作為健康飲食的一部分之可能性。這些研究使用各式各樣不同的研究方法，也產生了正面和負面的結果。有些營養補充已經成為現代醫療保健方法的一部分了，這包括，例如鈣和維生素D補充品在維持健康骨密度方面以及葉酸補充品對於預防某些新生兒缺陷方面的作用等等。但在其他領域（如抗氧化劑在心臟保健方面的作用），結果不太一致，其結論仍存在爭議。

research

下列清單是一部份檢視營養補充品和功能性食品之健康益處的同儕評議的研究；論文的選擇係根據其科學價值和與領域的相關性—無論其獲得正面或負面的結果。本清單能讓您對不同科學文獻有個良好的理解，希望有助於更妥善了解營養研究的現狀。

為方便起見，參考文獻按健康問題排列：

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顏色

正常尿液的顏色是透明的淡黃色至深暗黃，依您的喝水多寡、活動量、和飲食習慣而定。服用營養補充品時尿液有時會呈現鮮黃色，主要是由於一些過剩營養素被排出所造成的（特別是核黃素），而尿液的顏色會持續根據您補充水分的量和營養需要而變化。

次數

補充品通常對排尿次數不會有顯著影響。雖然在一些補充品中的維生素C和咖啡因都算是溫和的利尿劑，但排尿次數的增加可能和水份攝取的增加更有關係。許多人因為服用補充品，一整天下來多喝了2-3杯的水。

氣味

攝取維生素、礦物質、和一些植物萃取物會改變尿液的氣味。不過這並表示任何不健康或該予以關注，因為當我們吃甜菜、蘆筍、大蒜、洋蔥、魚…等等時，尿的氣味也會產生變化。

USANA的營養品、食品、和Sense產品都應該保存在陰涼乾燥的地方。雖然並非必要，但冷藏有助延長USANA產品的保存期限。

由於有些營養素很容易受熱氣影響，因此不要讓USANA產品長時間暴露在過熱的環境下。（運輸過程中受熱一般不會明顯影響產品品質。）

氧自由基吸收能力（ORAC）是一種實驗室分析法，提供食物抗氧化活性的綜合指標。檢測的作法是通過使用氧化劑來測試食物，然後測量該食物的整體抗氧化能力。ORAC的分數越高，此食物的抗氧化能力就越大。目前雖有幾種像這樣的「總」抗氧化活性的測量法，但沒有一種是可靠的，而ORAC獲得商業圈最廣泛的接受。

ORAC檢測常被用來比較不同食物的抗氧化活性（如水果、蔬菜、果汁、葡萄酒等）。這樣的比較可能是有價值的，但還是有一些限制。首先，ORAC分析並不是非常精確。當某種食物在一個實驗室中多次進行檢測時，ORAC的分數從一個樣本到下一個樣本經常產生大約10-15%的變化。其次，不同的實驗室用不同的方式進行ORAC檢測，經常產生顯著不同的結果。第三，例如用不同的方式製造和稀釋並保存在不同條件下的不同橙汁，實際上會產生差異很大的抗氧化活性；這樣，要對橙汁訂一個通用而有意義的ORAC分數就很難了。

然而，如果對類似的產品進行比較，而所有的ORAC分析都在同一個合格的實驗室用相同的分析方法進行，那麼根據ORAC檢測所做的比較是有意義的；尤其如果ORAC值報告是以等量的產品做出來的（例如，所有的ORAC值都以每盎司或每100克為基礎）。在這些情況下，ORAC分數的大差異（尤其是相當於3-10倍的差異）就能指出真實抗氧化活性有意義的差異。

升糖指數（GI）是評估碳水化合物被分解成單糖出現在血液中的速率的一種方法。一般情況下，越精製和越多加工程序的食品，被分解得越快，升糖指數也越高。

高升糖指數的食物會迅速影響血糖，快速提供能量。然而，這種能量通常是短暫的，而且很快就又感到飢餓，容易導致暴飲暴食和體重增加。低升糖指數的食物對血糖的影響比較緩慢而平穩；這些食物提供更大更持久的飽足感、更穩定的能量，因此比較容易減少食量（和維持體重）。

維生素B12是一種水溶性B型維生素，是人類健康和養生不可或缺的。它的化學性質（是所有維生素中最複雜的）在兩方面是獨一無二的；它是唯一含有礦物成分的維生素，也是人體內含礦物質鈷的少數必要物質之一。

維生素B12是一種輔酶，這表示它的功能與一種或多種酶的活性密切相關，也是不可少的。在人體中，維生素B12和負責部份葉酸循環代謝的一種酶結合；葉酸是氨基酸的新陳代謝、核酸的合成、紅血球的形成、以及髓磷脂的合成與維護所需要的另一種維生素B。缺乏維生素B12會干擾葉酸的再生，造成與缺乏葉酸有關的健康問題。因此，無論實驗室的測試或臨床症狀分析，常常將缺乏維生素B12誤認為缺乏葉酸，。

維生素B12的吸收是一種多階段的過程，任何一種在釋出、輸送、和吸收B12時所需要的酶系統有缺陷，就會導致B12缺乏；飲食中的B12不足也會造成缺乏。缺乏維生素B12的臨床症狀包括：惡性貧血、手腳麻木和刺痛、平衡能力差、協調性差、以及喪失精神敏銳度。維生素B12不足往往很難診斷。

維生素B12與葉酸和維生素B6一起作用，維持高濃度的半胱胺酸，此濃度是心血管疾病的一項獨立風險因素。

存在自然界中的所有維生素B12都來自微生物。因此，通常的膳食來源包括肉類和肉製品、以及少數的牛奶和乳製品。嚴格素食者（包括純素者）因無法從他們的飲食中獲得維生素B12，就會導致缺乏，除非他們的食物被微生物所污染。補充維生素是純素者獲得足夠維生素B12的唯一可靠方法。

維生素B12在任何劑量的使用記錄上都未觀察到不良的影響。

椐櫚（Serenoa repens）是一種小型棕櫚植物，原產於墨西哥灣和美國大西洋沿岸。

椐櫚的果實使用在民俗療法的歷史悠久，用來治療睾丸萎縮、性能力、增加精子數量、和前列腺問題。在20世紀上半葉，椐櫚主要是作為溫和的利尿劑和治療慢性膀胱炎。如今，它被廣泛用來作為治療前列腺腫大和泌尿功能障礙的一部份。

椐櫚萃取物中含有脂肪酸、脂肪醇、植物固醇、和其他化合物。其活性成份尚未能明確確定；然而，它們可能包括多個油溶性因子。

臨床研究證實，椐櫚的脂溶性萃取物能改善良性前列腺增生（BPH）的某些徵象與症狀。

維生素 B9（葉酸）和 B12（鈷胺素）是對健康至關重要的水溶性維生素。由於這些維生素在生命的各個階段（從胚胎到成年）都扮演著重要角色，許多食物強化了這些維生素且維生素補充品，維生素補充品也含有這些維生素來幫助使用者免於營養素缺乏。

在過去的十年中，甲基化的維生素 B9 和 B12 替代了已被研究和使用數十年的傳統形式維生素，成為廣受歡迎的營養補充品。這些維生素皆能以不同形式提供健康益處。繼續閱讀瞭解詳情。

維生素 B9（葉酸）

葉酸能夠調節細胞代謝和細胞分裂。加上其在 DNA 和 RNA的作用，葉酸支持健康的組織成長和紅血球及免疫細胞的再生。葉酸對胎兒發育極為重要，因此孕婦和計畫懷孕的女性需要攝取足夠的葉酸。

從健康飲食中攝取充足的營養是最好的方式，沒有任何營養補充品能取代健康、營養的飲食所提供的整體健康益處。含有葉酸的食物通常非常營養，但葉酸本身不見得具最高的生物利用度。因此，食物中葉酸的平均攝取量通常遠低於建議水平。

低水平的葉酸在育齡婦女中尤其令人擔憂。這是為什麼在許多國家在食品中添加葉酸，且葉酸補充變得如此普遍。

葉酸是強化劑和補充品中最常用的形式，因為它通常比食品葉酸具有更高的生物利用度、更穩定且複雜性更低。甲基葉酸的出現很大程度上歸功於人類遺傳學的發展，以及影響這種維生素代謝能力的特定基因（MTHFR）的發現。

MTHFR 多態性

亞甲基四氫葉酸還原酶（MTHFR）基因組成一種酶，能夠將葉酸轉化成能夠被人類身體使用的形式，也負責將同半胱胺酸轉化為甲硫胺酸。MTHFR 基因的其中一種變體（MTHFR C677T）會導致葉酸代謝能力降低。

您的 DNA 包含兩個 MTHFR 複製基因，分別來自您的父母。您有可能得到一個或兩個複製的 MTHFR C677T 基因變體。MTHFR 基因的單一突變十分常見，在醫學上也無須擔心，因為仍有一個基因能夠正常運作。

您可能聽說過更令人擔憂的問題是 C677T 變體存在於人體中兩個複製的 MTHFR 基因（同型 MTHFR C677T 變異體）。即便對於同型 MTHFR C677T 變異體，研究表示足夠劑量的正常葉酸也可以安全使用且能夠發揮作用 (Moll S)。

葉酸對於 MTHFR「突變」患者無效、會阻擋甲基化、無法被吸收或對人體不安全等說詞皆為誇大其詞且不完全正確。此變體僅是降低了轉化效率。

談及葉酸（如葉酸、甲基葉酸或任何其它形式）時，血液中的葉酸水平十分重要。換句話說，無論形式或生物利用度、劑量等方面的差異為何，目標都是提供充足的血液葉酸水平。身體存在 MTHFR C677T 變體之人也可以透過持續攝取足夠的葉酸來使血清葉酸水平正常化。事實上，葉酸是被研究最多的葉酸類型，已被證明可以預防神經管缺陷（Crider, Crider, Wilcken, Tsang, Seyoum）。

另一方面，過量的葉酸或未代謝葉酸（UMFA）也並非有益無害。您不應無上限地攝取葉酸來彌補降低的吸收力。幸運的是，身體的復原能力很強，研究顯示身體有些機制可以適應較高的葉酸攝取量以限制接觸未代謝的葉酸 (Tam)。

無論 MTHFR 變異體如何，600－1,000 微克範圍內的葉酸即可安全食用，且通常會將血液葉酸提高到足夠的水平。

維生素 B12（Cobalamin）

維生素 B12 是一種極為複雜的分子。人類依賴腸胃中的細菌來製造體內的大部分維生素 B12。維生素 B12 的另一個來源是動物產品，動物也從腸道細菌中獲得該維生素。

任何人都可能有較低的維生素 B12 水平，但素食者和純素食者特別容易缺乏維生素 B12，因為他們不吃肉製品（維生素 B12 的主要來源）。維生素 B12 水平較低之人可能需要尋求營養補充品的協助。

維生素 B12 是唯一無法完全合成的維生素。維生素 B12 透過稱為生物合成的複雜過程產生(我們則是依賴微生物來製造或「合成」維生素）。它的製造方式與腸道中製造細菌方式基本上相同。

最常見的生物合成使用一種稱為牙假單胞菌的細菌，並進行二十多個獨立的化學反應。幾乎所有市售維生素 B12 都是透過此方式製造和獲得。不同形式的維生素 B12 如氰鈷胺素和甲基鈷胺素將以相同的方式進行生物合成，在甲基和氰化物基團之間的末端進行單一取代反應。

氰鈷胺是維生素 B12 最常見的補充形式，因為它比甲鈷胺等形式的穩定性更高。

研究顯示氰鈷胺在體內可以很容易地轉化為活性維生素 B12。當比較氰鈷胺和甲鈷胺時，補充品的整體劑量和攝取頻率比確保維持足夠的血液水平更加重要（Zugravu）。

甲基葉酸和甲鈷胺同為甲基供體

您無需攝取甲鈷胺或甲基葉酸來支持正常的甲基化。您能夠在均衡的飲食中攝取足夠的甲鈷胺或甲基葉酸。正常的膽鹼攝取量提供的甲基比葉酸的正常攝取量多約 1,000 倍。除了膽鹼之外，其它 B 群維生素和氨基酸（如蛋氨酸）提供的甲基比單純攝取甲基化葉酸和 B12 多上數千倍。

Crider KS, Devine O, Hao L, et al. Population red blood cell folate concentrations for prevention of neural tube defects: Bayesian model. BMJ. 2014;349:g4554.

Crider KS, Yang TP, Berry RJ, Bailey LB. Folate and DNA methylation: A review of molecular mechanisms and the evidence for folate’s role. Adv Nutr. 2012;3(1):21-38.

Moll S, Varga EA. Homocysteine and MTHFR Mutations. Circulation. 2015;132(1):e6-9.

Seyoum E, Selhub J. Properties of food folates determined by stability and susceptibility to intestinal pteroylpolyglutamate hydrolase action. J Nutr. 1998;128(11):1956-1960.

Tam C, O’Connor D, Koren G. Circulating unmetabolized folic Acid: relationship to folate status and effect of supplementation. Obstet Gynecol Int. 2012;2012:485179.

Tsang BL, Devine OJ, Cordero AM, et al. Assessing the association between the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) 677C>T polymorphism and blood folate concentrations: a systematic review and meta-analysis of trials and observational studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;101(6):1286-1294.

Wilcken B, Bamforth F, Li Z, et al. Geographical and ethnic variation of the 677C>T allele of 5,10 methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR): Findings from over 7000 newborns from 16 areas world wide. J Med Genet. 2003;40(8):619-625.

Zugravu CA, Macri A, Belc N, Bohiltea R. Efficacy of supplementation with methylcobalamin and cyancobalamin in maintaining the level of serum holotranscobalamin in a group of plant-based diet (vegan) adults. Exp Ther Med. 2021;22(3):993.