{"id":55849,"date":"2022-03-08T12:00:41","date_gmt":"2022-03-08T19:00:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/askthescientists.com\/?p=55849"},"modified":"2022-07-18T12:02:17","modified_gmt":"2022-07-18T18:02:17","slug":"pandemic-epidemic-endemic","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/askthescientists.com\/fr\/pandemic-epidemic-endemic\/","title":{"rendered":"La diff\u00e9rence entre \u00e9pid\u00e9mie, pand\u00e9mie et end\u00e9mie"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"pandemic<\/p>\n

La COVID-19 a marqu\u00e9 nos vies \u2013 et notamment notre vocabulaire. Prenons un instant pour revoir en pens\u00e9e ce qu’\u00e9tait la vie en 2019. Bien avant la p\u00e9nurie de papier hygi\u00e9nique et l’adoption massive du t\u00e9l\u00e9travail, combien de fois utilisions-nous des mots comme \u00ab \u00e9pid\u00e9mie \u00bb ou \u00ab pand\u00e9mie \u00bb?<\/p>\n

\u00c0 moins de travailler dans le monde m\u00e9dical ou de parler d’un film, ces mots ne nous venaient m\u00eame pas \u00e0 l’esprit. Pour la plupart des gens, il est difficile de passer quelques jours sans en entendre parler dans les nouvelles ou dans une simple conversation. Pand\u00e9mie et \u00e9pid\u00e9mie font maintenant partie de notre vocabulaire courant \u2013 mais que veulent dire ces mots? Et qu’en est-il du terme \u00ab end\u00e9mie \u00bb que d’autres gens utilisent parfois?<\/p>\n

Pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la question, entrons dans l’univers de ceux dont le moyen de subsistance consiste \u00e0 \u00e9tudier les maladies. Pendant que nous y sommes, essayons de r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la question que bien des gens se posent \u2013 la pand\u00e9mie finira-t-elle un jour?<\/p>\n

Le mot-cl\u00e9 : l’\u00e9pid\u00e9miologie, ou l’\u00e9tude des maladies<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Voyons tout d’abord cette branche de la m\u00e9decine qui \u00e9tablit les distinctions entre pand\u00e9mie, end\u00e9mie et \u00e9pid\u00e9mie. Cette t\u00e2che appartient aux \u00e9pid\u00e9miologistes \u2013 les scientifiques que la COVID-19<\/a> a mis le plus souvent \u00e0 l’avant-sc\u00e8ne. L’\u00e9pid\u00e9miologie \u00e9tudie les causes, les facteurs de risque et la propagation de probl\u00e8mes qui menacent la sant\u00e9 publique dans une population donn\u00e9e.<\/p>\n

Ils d\u00e9c\u00e8lent les menaces potentielles et effectuent des enqu\u00eates un peu comme le font les d\u00e9tectives sur la sc\u00e8ne d’un crime. Leur but consiste \u00e0 \u00e9tudier un probl\u00e8me donn\u00e9, \u00e0 en trouver la source, \u00e0 identifier les personnes qui courent le plus grand risque et \u00e0 d\u00e9terminer le meilleur mode d’intervention. Les \u00e9pid\u00e9miologistes s’efforcent aussi de trouver des moyens de pr\u00e9vention pour \u00e9viter l’aggravation du probl\u00e8me.<\/p>\n

Comme dans tout autre domaine scientifique, ils poursuivent leurs efforts sans rel\u00e2che \u00e0 mesure qu’ils cernent la menace, tout en suivant son \u00e9volution et ses changements. Chaque fois que vous entendiez parler d’une distanciation sociale de deux m\u00e8tres ou du port du masque, c’\u00e9tait l\u00e0 le fruit de leur travail.<\/p>\n

Qu’est-ce qu’une \u00e9p\u2122id\u00e9mie?<\/strong><\/h2>\n

La premi\u00e8re fois qu’il a \u00e9t\u00e9 question de la COVID-19 vers la fin de 2019, on la d\u00e9crivait comme un nouveau genre de pneumonie qui se propageait rapidement \u00e0 des millions d’habitants de la ville de Wuhan, en Chine. Le virus s’est \u00e9ventuellement r\u00e9pandu au-del\u00e0 des limites de la ville et dans le reste du pays, pour ensuite traverser les oc\u00e9ans et les fronti\u00e8res.<\/p>\n

Dans les premiers mois, cette \u00e9closion du virus de la COVID-19 \u00e9tait \u00e9pid\u00e9mique \u2013 autrement dit, la maladie se propageait rapidement et de fa\u00e7on inattendue \u00e0 un grand nombre de gens dans une population ou une r\u00e9gion pr\u00e9cise. L’histoire mondiale a \u00e9t\u00e9 marqu\u00e9e par bon nombre d’\u00e9pid\u00e9mies, notamment la variole, la rougeole et la polio.<\/p>\n

Quand une \u00e9pid\u00e9mie devient une pand\u00e9mie<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Dans certains cas, une \u00e9pid\u00e9mie peut devenir pand\u00e9mique, c.-\u00e0-d. que l’\u00e9pid\u00e9mie se propage rapidement au-del\u00e0 des fronti\u00e8res \u00e0 d’autres pays et continents. La pr\u00e9fixe \u00ab pan \u00bb<\/em> signifie \u00ab tout \u00bb, comme dans \u00ab panam\u00e9ricain \u00bb qui s’\u00e9tend \u00e0 tous les pays d’Am\u00e9rique.<\/p>\n

Toutes les \u00e9pid\u00e9mies ne se transforment pas en pand\u00e9mies. Certaines disparaissent aussi rapidement qu’elles sont apparues, avant de pouvoir s’\u00e9tendre au monde entier. Par contre, lorsqu’une maladie se propage et entra\u00eene une hausse fulgurante des cas \u00e0 mesure qu’elle s’\u00e9tend \u00e0 l’ext\u00e9rieur de son pays d’origine, l’\u00e9pid\u00e9mie n’en est plus une : c’est une pand\u00e9mie.<\/p>\n

En mars 2020, l’Organisation mondiale de la sant\u00e9 (OMS) reconnaissait officiellement que l’\u00e9pid\u00e9mie de la COVID-19 \u00e9tait d\u00e9sormais une pand\u00e9mie. \u00c0 ce stade, la COVID-19 s’\u00e9tait \u00e9tendue \u00e0 plus de 100 pays. La pand\u00e9mie qui l’avait pr\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e avait \u00e9t\u00e9 celle de la grippe caus\u00e9e par le virus H1N1 en 2009.<\/p>\n

Quand une pand\u00e9mie passe au stade d’end\u00e9mie<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Quelle est donc l’\u00e9tape qui suit la pand\u00e9mie? Dans certains cas, comme celui de la polio, l’utilisation du vaccin contre cette maladie aux \u00c9tats-Unis a permis de l’\u00e9radiquer ou presque, au point o\u00f9 aucun cas n’a \u00e9t\u00e9 signal\u00e9 depuis 1979.<\/p>\n

Il arrive aussi parfois que la propagation de la maladie ralentisse et que le nombre de personnes atteintes diminue jusqu’\u00e0 ce que le virus ne circule plus activement dans une population donn\u00e9e. \u00c0 l’occasion, il pourra y avoir des \u00e9closions qui seront rapidement cern\u00e9es et surveill\u00e9es pour emp\u00eacher une propagation. C’est le cas de la rougeole. Une \u00e9closion survient lorsque de nouveaux cas d’une maladie apparaissent dans une population ou une r\u00e9gion o\u00f9 la maladie ne s\u00e9vit pas en temps normal.<\/p>\n

Il y a aussi des maladies qui se dissipent, mais sans jamais dispara\u00eetre compl\u00e8tement. Elles continuent de circuler dans une population ou une r\u00e9gion pr\u00e9cise. Lorsqu’un nombre suffisant de personnes sont immunis\u00e9es, soit apr\u00e8s avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 atteintes par la maladie ou apr\u00e8s avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 vaccin\u00e9es, la maladie se r\u00e9pand moins rapidement qu’elle ne l’a d\u00e9j\u00e0 fait.<\/p>\n

\u00c0 un point donn\u00e9 pendant ce processus, la maladie passe du stade de pand\u00e9mie \u00e0 celui d’end\u00e9mie, c.-\u00e0-d. qu’elle circule constamment dans une population ou une r\u00e9gion pr\u00e9cise. Pour vous rappeler la diff\u00e9rence entre pand\u00e9mie et end\u00e9mie : l’end\u00e9mie peut \u00e9ventuellement marquer la fin d’une pand\u00e9mie.<\/p>\n

La malaria est un bon exemple d’une end\u00e9mie. Elle s\u00e9vit la plupart du temps dans les pays tropicaux et elle se r\u00e9pand rarement hors des limites de cette zone (lorsque c’est le cas, on parle alors d’\u00e9closion).<\/p>\n

Portrait d’une fin de pand\u00e9mie : l’end\u00e9mie de COVID-19<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Selon les attentes, la COVID-19 deviendra \u00e9ventuellement une maladie end\u00e9mique. Elle ne sera jamais vraiment \u00e9radiqu\u00e9e, mais avec un nombre croissant de personnes immunis\u00e9es, les cas deviendront moins nombreux et moins graves. La plupart des scientifiques estiment que la COVID-19 finira par ressembler \u00e0 la grippe, qui empire en certaines saisons, mais la maladie demeure toujours pr\u00e9sente.<\/p>\n

Cela dit, verrons-nous un jour la fin de la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19? La r\u00e9ponse est simple : oui. \u00c9ventuellement. Par contre, la maladie ne dispara\u00eetra pas compl\u00e8tement et seul le temps nous dira \u00e0 quoi ressemblera une end\u00e9mie de COVID-19.<\/p>\n

\n

https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/csels\/dsepd\/ss1978\/lesson1\/section11.html<\/a><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/careerpaths\/k12teacherroadmap\/epidemiology.html<\/a><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/careerpaths\/k12teacherroadmap\/epidemiologists.html<\/a><\/p>\n

https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/when-is-pandemic-over-viral-questions-2c47fdd7611411a418a7ea18a61f5d1c<\/a><\/p>\n

https:\/\/intermountainhealthcare.org\/blogs\/topics\/live-well\/2020\/04\/whats-the-difference-between-a-pandemic-an-epidemic-endemic-and-an-outbreak\/<\/a><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.publichealth.columbia.edu\/public-health-now\/news\/epidemic-endemic-pandemic-what-are-differences<\/a><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.hsph.harvard.edu\/news\/features\/what-will-it-be-like-when-covid-19-becomes-endemic\/<\/a><\/p>\n

https:\/\/time.com\/5791661\/who-coronavirus-pandemic-declaration\/<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

La COVID-19 a marqu\u00e9 nos vies \u2013 et notamment notre vocabulaire. Prenons un instant pour revoir en pens\u00e9e ce qu’\u00e9tait la vie en 2019. Bien avant la p\u00e9nurie de papier hygi\u00e9nique et l’adoption massive du t\u00e9l\u00e9travail, combien de fois utilisions-nous des mots comme \u00ab \u00e9pid\u00e9mie \u00bb ou \u00ab pand\u00e9mie \u00bb? \u00c0 moins de travailler dans […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10897,"featured_media":55834,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[284],"tags":[20715],"class_list":["post-55849","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nutrition_spotlight-fr","tag-immune-function-fr"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nLa diff\u00e9rence entre \u00e9pid\u00e9mie, pand\u00e9mie et end\u00e9mie - Ask The Scientists<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn the difference between an epidemic vs pandemic vs endemic, and the answer to the question\u2013will the pandemic ever end?\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/askthescientists.com\/fr\/pandemic-epidemic-endemic\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"La diff\u00e9rence entre \u00e9pid\u00e9mie, pand\u00e9mie et end\u00e9mie - 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