{"id":12626,"date":"2022-02-08T10:00:04","date_gmt":"2022-02-08T17:00:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/askthescientists.com\/immune-system\/"},"modified":"2022-07-18T12:16:48","modified_gmt":"2022-07-18T18:16:48","slug":"immune-system","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/askthescientists.com\/es\/immune-system\/","title":{"rendered":"El sistema inmunitario: guardi\u00e1n de su organismo"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-12603\" src=\"https:\/\/askthescientists.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/immune-system.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"840\" height=\"413\" srcset=\"https:\/\/askthescientists.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/immune-system.jpg 840w, https:\/\/askthescientists.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/immune-system-300x148.jpg 300w, https:\/\/askthescientists.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/immune-system-768x378.jpg 768w, https:\/\/askthescientists.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/immune-system-705x347.jpg 705w, https:\/\/askthescientists.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/immune-system-450x221.jpg 450w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 840px) 100vw, 840px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>El sistema inmunitario libra una batalla todos los d\u00edas, a eso se dedica.<\/p>\n<p>Usted est\u00e1 protegido por una defensa coordinada. Las c\u00e9lulas, las prote\u00ednas y la se\u00f1alizaci\u00f3n qu\u00edmica unen sus fuerzas contra las bacterias, virus, par\u00e1sitos y otros agentes pat\u00f3genos. Su sistema inmunitario ayuda tambi\u00e9n a la cicatrizaci\u00f3n de heridas, la renovaci\u00f3n celular y de los tejidos, y a restaurar.<\/p>\n<p>Un sistema inmunitario saludable y funcional es una maquinaria compleja constituida por muchas capas, subsistemas, tejidos, \u00f3rganos y procesos, y un conocimiento b\u00e1sico del mismo puede ayudarle a saber qu\u00e9 necesita para mantenerlo saludable.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Barreras de Entrada<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Imagine que su organismo es un castillo que tiene que defenderse. La primera capa de defensa son sus barreras f\u00edsicas y qu\u00edmicas, unos muros altos y gruesos que alejan a muchos intrusos.<\/p>\n<p>La piel es la barrera f\u00edsica m\u00e1s obvia, es muy buena. El \u00f3rgano m\u00e1s grande es un recubrimiento a prueba de agua que protege contra los agentes pat\u00f3genos. <a href=\"https:\/\/askthescientists.com\/skin-layers\/\">La estructura de la piel<\/a>, las sustancias que se encuentran en su superficie y otros compuestos de capas m\u00e1s profundas, ayudan a dar protecci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n<p>La piel hace un buen trabajo, pero hay otras v\u00edas de entrada al organismo, por eso hay otras barreras f\u00edsicas.<\/p>\n<p>Las v\u00edas respiratorias superiores tienen cabellos delgad\u00edsimos llamados cilios, los cuales pueden alejar de los pulmones la materia que puede da\u00f1arlos. La barrera intestinal bloquea la absorci\u00f3n de sustancias potencialmente da\u00f1inas, y a trav\u00e9s de las funciones excretoras (ba\u00f1o), se expulsan f\u00edsicamente los agentes pat\u00f3genos.<\/p>\n<p>El moco difumina la l\u00ednea entre lo f\u00edsico y lo qu\u00edmico. No importa en qu\u00e9 categor\u00eda se clasifique, el moco es una trampa efectiva para los invasores que producen membranas por todo el cuerpo. Esta sustancia espesa y pegajosa es una trampa que atrapa a los microbios y no los deja ir.<\/p>\n<p>Otras barreras qu\u00edmicas son las l\u00e1grimas, la saliva, el \u00e1cido estomacal y las sustancias qu\u00edmicas protectoras que se producen en el interior de las c\u00e9lulas y en la sangre.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Inmunidad en General: Sistema Inmunitario Innato<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>En ocasiones, al sistema inmunitario innato se le llama sistema inmunitario no espec\u00edfico. Este subsistema de la defensa inmunitaria general forma parte del c\u00f3digo gen\u00e9tico de cada quien, y es la parte innata, o inherente; proporciona protecci\u00f3n m\u00e1s general porque destruye todos los microbios que entran al organismo. Es la parte no espec\u00edfica.<\/p>\n<p>Las defensas celulares entran en acci\u00f3n si un agente pat\u00f3geno sobrevive a las barreras f\u00edsicas y qu\u00edmicas, que tambi\u00e9n podr\u00edan considerarse como parte del subsistema innato. Es aqu\u00ed donde entran los fagocitos (tipo espec\u00edfico de c\u00e9lula inmunitaria). Estos gl\u00f3bulos blancos hacen las veces de guardias que patrullan el organismo y destruyen a los invasores.<\/p>\n<p>Dichas c\u00e9lulas se encuentran en todos los tejidos del organismo; acaban con los agentes pat\u00f3genos mediante un proceso llamado fagocitosis. Es complicado, pero hay una forma sencilla de explicarlo.<\/p>\n<p>Los fagocitos se comen a los microbios invasores, y hay una raz\u00f3n por la que se llaman fagocitos: <em>phago<\/em> proviene del griego \u201ccomer\u201d. Los fagocitos ingieren o engullen a los invasores. Mientras est\u00e1 atrapado el agente pat\u00f3geno, se despliegan varios mecanismos asesinos que lo destruyen.<\/p>\n<p>Algunos fagocitos tienen receptores que distinguen entre las c\u00e9lulas saludables y las sustancias potencialmente perjudiciales. (Tambi\u00e9n tienen que ver con la renovaci\u00f3n de las c\u00e9lulas muertas o en v\u00edas de morir). Otros comedores de agentes pat\u00f3genos pasan por un proceso de <a href=\"https:\/\/askthescientists.com\/es\/qa\/what-is-cell-signaling\/\">se\u00f1alizaci\u00f3n qu\u00edmica<\/a>\u00a0hacia sitios donde pueden ser muy \u00fatiles. Los fagocitos ayudan incluso a depurar y reparar una vez que son destruidos los invasores.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Inmunidad Adaptativa<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>El sistema inmunitario adaptivo es como una base de datos inmunitaria. Despu\u00e9s de encontrar a un agente pat\u00f3geno espec\u00edfico, las c\u00e9lulas inmunitarias pueden recordar la mejor forma de acabar con \u00e9l, por eso tambi\u00e9n se le llama inmunidad adquirida o espec\u00edfica.<\/p>\n<p>La exposici\u00f3n original al agente pat\u00f3geno puede ser intencional o accidental, eso no importa. Una respuesta normal y saludable empieza con un ant\u00edgeno. Imagine al ant\u00edgeno como el c\u00f3digo de barras de cada c\u00e9lula.\u00a0 As\u00ed como cada art\u00edculo del supermercado tiene un c\u00f3digo de barras \u00fanico, cada tipo de c\u00e9lula tiene su propio c\u00f3digo de ant\u00edgeno que lo identifica.<\/p>\n<p>Estos ant\u00edgenos \u2014principalmente prote\u00ednas\u2014 tambi\u00e9n pueden identificar a los pat\u00f3genos. El sistema inmunitario ha aprendido a interpretar esos c\u00f3digos de ant\u00edgenos. Cuando se percatan de una materia extra\u00f1a, inician una respuesta inmunitaria.<\/p>\n<p>Cada ant\u00edgeno \u00fanico desencadena la creaci\u00f3n de un anticuerpo \u00fanico. El anticuerpo con forma de \u201cy\u201d vuelve a unirse al ant\u00edgeno correspondiente y marca al invasor para que lo ataquen otras c\u00e9lulas inmunitarias.\u00a0 Algunos anticuerpos pueden incluso ocuparse del asunto ellos mismos.<\/p>\n<p>Los linfocitos (otro tipo espec\u00edfico de c\u00e9lula inmunitaria) son las principales c\u00e9lulas implicadas en el sistema inmunitario adaptativo. En la m\u00e9dula \u00f3sea se producen dos tipos de gl\u00f3bulos blancos, c\u00e9lulas T y c\u00e9lulas B, las cuales pueden atacar y matar por s\u00ed mismas a los agentes pat\u00f3genos, o bien, ayudar a otros gl\u00f3bulos bancos en su tarea.<\/p>\n<p>Las c\u00e9lulas T y B forman la base del banco de memoria inmunitaria del organismo. Las c\u00e9lulas B presentan ant\u00edgenos y crean y liberan anticuerpos. Las c\u00e9lulas T de memoria \u2014esas que sobreviven a ataques previos\u2014 r\u00e1pida y efectivamente responden ante agentes pat\u00f3genos conocidos. Juntas, ayudan a que el sistema inmunitario destruya eficiente y efectivamente a bacterias, virus u otros agentes pat\u00f3genos conocidos.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-25947\" src=\"https:\/\/askthescientists.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/shutterstock_130089938-835x418.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"835\" height=\"418\" srcset=\"https:\/\/askthescientists.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/shutterstock_130089938.jpg 835w, https:\/\/askthescientists.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/shutterstock_130089938-400x200.jpg 400w, https:\/\/askthescientists.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/shutterstock_130089938-768x384.jpg 768w, https:\/\/askthescientists.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/shutterstock_130089938-705x353.jpg 705w, https:\/\/askthescientists.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/shutterstock_130089938-450x225.jpg 450w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 835px) 100vw, 835px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2><strong>Defensa del Sistema Inmunitario<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Ya mencionamos antes c\u00f3mo funciona un sistema inmunitario normal y saludable, pero las defensas pueden sufrir el impacto del medio ambiente, la dieta, el estr\u00e9s, el sue\u00f1o, los viajes y otros factores del estilo de vida.<\/p>\n<p>La funci\u00f3n inmunitaria saludable es un esfuerzo conjunto de todo el organismo, y mantenerlo implica un enfoque hol\u00edstico. A continuaci\u00f3n, algunas ideas que pueden ayudar:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Duerma cuando menos siete horas diarias y <a href=\"https:\/\/askthescientists.com\/es\/sleep-deprivation-may-increase-food-intake-promote-obesity\/\">evite las noches en vela<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/askthescientists.com\/es\/hacer-ejercicio-regularmente-esta-relacionado-con-la-reduccion-en-la-incidencia-de-resfriado-comun\/\">Ejerc\u00edtese regularmente<\/a>\u00a0para fomentar las c\u00e9lulas de memoria, fortalecer la inmunidad de la piel y movilizar a las c\u00e9lulas inmunitarias.<\/li>\n<li>Minimice el estr\u00e9s lo m\u00e1s posible o practique estrategias de afrontamiento saludables, como el ejercicio.<\/li>\n<li>Que su dieta sea saludable y balanceada, con abundantes frutas, verduras y prote\u00ednas magras que aporten micro- y macronutrientes esenciales, as\u00ed como <a href=\"\/?p=1984\">importantes fitonutrientes<\/a>. Una dieta saludable (que incluya <a href=\"https:\/\/askthescientists.com\/es\/qa\/dietary-fiber-and-microbiome\/\">cantidades saludables de fibra<\/a>) tambi\u00e9n proporcionar\u00e1 al microbioma lo que necesita para mantener un <a href=\"https:\/\/askthescientists.com\/es\/qa\/dietary-fiber-and-detox-organs\/\">adecuado funcionamiento de la barrera intestinal<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Practique una higiene adecuada, que incluya lavado frecuente de las manos, de modo que, de entrada, su organismo no tenga que enfrentar a muchos agentes pat\u00f3genos.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>El sistema inmunitario libra una batalla todos los d\u00edas, a eso se dedica. Usted est\u00e1 protegido por una defensa coordinada. Las c\u00e9lulas, las prote\u00ednas y la se\u00f1alizaci\u00f3n qu\u00edmica unen sus fuerzas contra las bacterias, virus, par\u00e1sitos y otros agentes pat\u00f3genos. Su sistema inmunitario ayuda tambi\u00e9n a la cicatrizaci\u00f3n de heridas, la renovaci\u00f3n celular y de [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4638,"featured_media":12603,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[286],"tags":[20728,20716],"class_list":["post-12626","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nutrition_spotlight-es","tag-healthy-habits-es","tag-immune-function-es"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>El sistema inmunitario: guardi\u00e1n de su organismo - Ask The Scientists<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A healthy, functional immune system is a complex machine. 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It contains many layers, subsystems, tissues, organs, and processes.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/askthescientists.com\/es\/immune-system\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Ask The Scientists\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/AskTheScientists\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-02-08T17:00:04+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-07-18T18:16:48+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/askthescientists.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/shutterstock_130089938.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"835\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"418\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"David Baker\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@Ask_Scientists\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@Ask_Scientists\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"David Baker\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"6 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/askthescientists.com\\\/es\\\/immune-system\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/askthescientists.com\\\/es\\\/immune-system\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"David Baker\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/askthescientists.com\\\/es\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/db26c489eab85535ee468ab9c6cec140\"},\"headline\":\"El sistema inmunitario: guardi\u00e1n de su organismo\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-02-08T17:00:04+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-07-18T18:16:48+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/askthescientists.com\\\/es\\\/immune-system\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":1195,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/askthescientists.com\\\/es\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/askthescientists.com\\\/es\\\/immune-system\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/askthescientists.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2017\\\/09\\\/immune-system.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"healthy habits\",\"immune function\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Nutrition Spotlight\"],\"inLanguage\":\"es\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/askthescientists.com\\\/es\\\/immune-system\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/askthescientists.com\\\/es\\\/immune-system\\\/\",\"name\":\"El sistema inmunitario: guardi\u00e1n de su organismo - Ask The Scientists\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/askthescientists.com\\\/es\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/askthescientists.com\\\/es\\\/immune-system\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/askthescientists.com\\\/es\\\/immune-system\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/askthescientists.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2017\\\/09\\\/immune-system.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-02-08T17:00:04+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-07-18T18:16:48+00:00\",\"description\":\"A healthy, functional immune system is a complex machine. 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